Minimizing Freshwater Usage in Batch Process Scheduling: S-Graph Approach
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Minimizing Freshwater Usage in Batch Process Scheduling: S-Graph Approach ˝ 1 ´ Osz Oliver
· Dominic C. Y. Foo2
´ e´ Hegyhati ´ 1 · Mat
Received: 1 September 2020 / Revised: 5 November 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
Abstract Water is one of the most important natural resources of life. While it is considerably cheap and vastly available currently, except for extreme locations, this is not guaranteed in the future. Being provident with water has multitude of advantages in both short and long term. Using less clean water not only brings immediate financial benefits, it simultaneously reduces wastewater production, related treatment costs, and the impact on the environment. Reducing the water footprint of a batch system is not a trivial task, as water sources and sinks need to be matched not only in quantity and quality, but in time as well. In this paper, the S-graph scheduling framework is extended to address simultaneous scheduling and water minimization in batch processing systems. The proposed approach tackles truly batch processes with a single contaminant, and allows only a single water source to be reused for each sink. The presented algorithm and S-graph extension have been implemented and tested on various case studies from the literature. The results of this paper provide an opportunity for further extensions to address a wider range of problems with multiple contaminants, semi-continuous behavior, cyclic operations, etc. Keywords Wastewater minimization · Water reuse · Scheduling · S-graph
Introduction and Literature Summary Environment-friendly operation of the production industry has gained major focus over the last few decades in the literature. Sustainable production has become more and more prevalent, and a lot of research efforts were made to reduce environmental impact by developing new technologies, integrating different planning phases, exploring a wider operational spectrum, etc. Apart from other indicators, freshwater consumption has gained decent interest in the literature, and dedicated sessions and even conferences to tackle this issue. ˝ Oliv´er Osz [email protected] Dominic C. Y. Foo [email protected] M´at´e Hegyh´ati [email protected] 1
Department of Information Technology, Sz´echenyi Istv´an University, Egyetem t´er 1, Gy˝or, 9026, Hungary
2
Department of Chemical, Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
While in most developed countries, clean water is currently a relatively cheap and mostly available resource, 33% of the population do not have any access to safe drinking water (UNICEF 2019). Only 0.5% of the world’s water is both drinkable and accessible, and has to satisfy the water needs of the worlds population and its ecosystem (UN 2015, SDG 12). Moreover, global water demand has been steadily increasing about 1% per year since 1980 and is projected to increase by 55% by 2050 (Assembly 2017). Even some developed
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