Mitigating the Effects of Charged Particle Strikes on TES Arrays for Exotic Atom X-ray Experiments
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Mitigating the Effects of Charged Particle Strikes on TES Arrays for Exotic Atom X‑ray Experiments H. Tatsuno1 · D. A. Bennett2 · W. B. Doriese2 · M. S. Durkin2 · J. W. Fowler2 · J. D. Gard2 · T. Hashimoto3 · R. Hayakawa1 · T. Hayashi4 · G. C. Hilton2 · Y. Ichinohe5 · H. Noda6 · G. C. O’Neil2 · S. Okada7 · C. D. Reintsema2 · D. R. Schmidt2 · D. S. Swetz2 · J. N. Ullom2 · S. Yamada1 · the J-PARC E62 Collaboration Received: 14 July 2019 / Accepted: 20 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Exotic atom experiments place transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter arrays in a high-energy charged particle-rich environment. When a high-energy charged particle passes through the silicon substrate of a TES array, a large amount of energy is deposited and small pulses are generated across multiple pixels in the TES array due to thermal crosstalk. We have developed analysis techniques to assess and reduce the effects of charged particle events on exotic atom X-ray measurements. Using this technique, the high-energy and low-energy components of the X-ray peaks due to pileup are eliminated, improving the energy resolution from 6.6 to 5.7 eV at 6.9 keV. Keywords Transition-edge sensor · Exotic atom · X-ray spectroscopy · Thermal crosstalk · Energy calibration
* H. Tatsuno [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192‑0397, Japan
2
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
3
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319‑1184, Japan
4
Department of High Energy Astrophysics, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229‑8510, Japan
5
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171‑8501, Japan
6
Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560‑0043, Japan
7
Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351‑0198, Japan
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
1 Introduction Exotic atom X-ray spectroscopy is a unique research technique to investigate the strong interaction between negatively charged particles and a nucleus at the lowenergy limit. The interaction of a kaon ( K − ) and a nucleus is strongly attractive which shifts and broadens the electromagnetic energy levels of a kaonic atom. Therefore, precision X-ray spectroscopy of kaonic atoms has been performed to measure the interaction [1]. We have performed the J-PARC E62 experiment to measure the kaonic helium 3d → 2p X-rays at the J-PARC K1.8BR beamline (Ibaraki, Japan) [2]. The stopped K − in the liquid helium target forms a kaonic helium atom; then, the K − cascades down to lower energy levels while emitting characteristic X-rays. The X-rays of 3d → 2p transition ( ∼ 6 keV) are detected with the 240-pixel TES array, which was previously used for pionic atom X-ray spectroscopy [3]. Our goal is to determine the 2p-state strong interaction shift with a precision of 0.2 eV. To achieve this precision,
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