Mitigation of Dangers from Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards Predict

This book advances a three-step program for mitigation of natural and anthropogenic hazards, addressing mitigation economics and funding possibilities to meet the needs of at risk countries that lack the financial resources to invest in disaster reduction

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Frederic R. Siegel

Mitigation of Dangers from Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards Prediction, Prevention, and Preparedness 123

SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8868

Frederic R. Siegel

Mitigation of Dangers from Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards Prediction, Prevention, and Preparedness

Frederic R. Siegel Emeritus Professor The George Washington University Washington, DC, USA

ISSN 2191-5547 ISSN 2191-5555 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science ISBN 978-3-319-38874-8 ISBN 978-3-319-38875-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-38875-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016940909 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

I dedicate this book to my wife, Felisa, who encourages my writings as much today as she did in past years; to Naomi, Coby, and Noa Benveniste and Solomon and Beatrice Gold, my grandchildren; and to the children of their generation worldwide. I hope that now and in the future they will benefit from governments and planners that adopt applicable measures discussed in the book, as well as others that will be developed in the future, to lessen the impacts of the many and varied hazard events that can disrupt societies. I thank the many colleagues whose presentations I have heard and journal papers and books I have read over the years that guided me in writing the book.

Preface

On September 18, 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the natural hazard ebola epidemic affecting Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea in West Africa had caused 2630 deaths from more than 5357 persons infected by the ebola virus. By July 26, 2015, close to 2 years after the outbreak, at least 27,748 people had been infected with more than 11,279 dead (~40 % mortality rat