Mode 3: A Proposed Classification Scheme for the Knowledge Economy and Society
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Mode 3: A Proposed Classification Scheme for the Knowledge Economy and Society Mary G. Schoonmaker & Elias G. Carayannis
Received: 21 January 2012 / Accepted: 17 April 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop a classification scheme for the knowledge economy and society. By using Mode 3 and the quadruple helix theories, this paper models enterprise instances of networking among academia, government, industry, and civil society, all of whom are actors in the quadruple helix. The networking factors are found in the dynamics among the actors, ranging from regional to global levels. In particular, the emphasis of this paper is to understand the attributes of Mode 3 and its frontiers in order to later develop a predictive model of innovation success. We researched three regions, Maryland and the European Union countries of Portugal and Greece along with two support models, incubators, and a science park, as these areas exhibit Mode 3 regional innovation factors and allowed us to develop and test the proposed classification scheme. Our findings are that most companies operating within a regional innovation network are functioning at the Mode 2 level. This is significant as it assisted us with soundly classifying firms who were operating in the realm of Mode 2 and helped us understand the frontiers of Mode 3. Additionally, we discovered three instances of Mode 3 that engaged the traditional triple helix actors with the addition of a virtual civil society, which is the foundation for the quadruple helix. Keywords Mode 3 . Classification Scheme . Knowledge Economy . Society
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to develop a classification scheme for the knowledge economy and society. We will use innovation attributes to model the Mode and helix M. G. Schoonmaker (*) : E. G. Carayannis The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA e-mail: [email protected] E. G. Carayannis e-mail: [email protected]
J Knowl Econ
dimensions. For the Mode term, we will use the triple helix and quadruple helix models and the corresponding Mode 2 and Mode 3 theories. Specifically, we will focus on three regional innovation networks, Greece, Maryland, and Portugal and their respective support models, incubators, and a science park. These regions exhibit the factors necessary to model the helix models and Mode theories. The first section of the paper discusses Mode 3, the quadruple helix, and innovation network theories. This provides the theoretical background for the classification scheme. The second section details descriptive information about the actors in the innovation networks. This is important as it overviews the different elements of the innovation system. The third section discusses the classification scheme methods and results. The last section outlines research contributions and future research possibilities.
Mode 3 and the Quadruple Helix Innovation at the regional level has been studied for the past few decades. The triple helix model as proposed by Etzko
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