Modeling and Control of Sustainable Power Systems Towards Smarter an
The concept of the smart grid promises the world an efficient and intelligent approach of managing energy production, transportation, and consumption by incorporating intelligence, efficiency, and optimality into the power grid. Both energy providers and
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Abstract. Multilevel converters have been continuously developed in recent years due to the necessity of increase in power level of industrial applications especially high power applications such as high power AC motor drives, active power filters, reactive power compensation, FACTS devices, and renewable energies [1-9]. Multilevel converters include an array of power semiconductors and capacitor voltage sources which generate step-waveform output voltages. The commutation of the switches permits the addition of the capacitors voltages and generates high voltage at the output [8, 10, 11]. The term multilevel starts with the three-level converter introduced by Nabae [12]. By increasing the number of levels in the converter, the output voltage has more steps generating a staircase waveform which has a reduced harmonic distortion [13]. However, a high number of levels increases the control complexity and introduces voltage unbalance problems [10]. The Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) converter, presented in the early 80’s [12], is now a standard topology in industry on its 3-level version. However, for a high number of levels, this topology presents some problems, mainly with the clamping diodes and the balance of the dc-link capacitors. An alternative for the NPC converter are the Multicell topologies. Different cells and ways to interconnect them generate several topologies which the most important ones, described in Section II, are the Cascaded Multicell (CM) and the Flying Capacitor Multicell (FCM) with its sub-topology Stacked Multicell (SM) converters [11-14]. The CM converter is the series connection of 2-level H-bridge converter, that several configurations have been proposed for this topology [13]. Since this topology consists of series power conversion cells, the voltage and power levels may be scaled easily. As other alternative topologies, the FCM converter [15, 16], and its Arash Khoshkbar Sadigh EECS Department, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, US email: [email protected] S. Masoud Barakati Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran email: [email protected] L. Wang (Ed.): Modeling and Control, Green Energy and Technology, pp. 311–340. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 springerlink.com
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A.K. Sadigh and S. Masoud Barakati
derivative, the SM converter [17-19], have many attractive properties for medium voltage applications [15-22]. To control the multilevel converters, there are several modulation methods which can be classified to high and low switching frequency. High switching frequencies based methods have several commutations during one period of the fundamental output voltage. The pulse width modulation (PWM), sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and space vector PWM are common methods for the high switching frequency. Low switching frequencies based methods have one or two commutations during one period of the fundamental output voltage, generating a staircase waveform. The multilevel selective h
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