Modeling Decisions Information Fusion and Aggregation Operators

Information fusion techniques and aggregation operators produce the most comprehensive, specific datum about an entity using data supplied from different sources, thus enabling us to reduce noise, increase accuracy, summarize and extract information, and

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Advisory Board: Luigia Carlucci Aiello Franz Baader Wolfgang Bibel Leonard Bolc Craig Boutilier Ron Brachman Bruce G. Buchanan Anthony Cohn Artur d’Avila Garcez Luis Fariñas del Cerro Koichi Furukawa Georg Gottlob Patrick J. Hayes James A. Hendler Anthony Jameson Nick Jennings Aravind K. Joshi Hans Kamp Martin Kay Hiroaki Kitano Robert Kowalski Sarit Kraus Maurizio Lenzerini Hector Levesque John Lloyd

Alan Mackworth Mark Maybury Tom Mitchell Johanna D. Moore Stephen H. Muggleton Bernhard Nebel Sharon Oviatt Luis Pereira Lu Ruqian Stuart Russell Erik Sandewall Luc Steels Oliviero Stock Peter Stone Gerhard Strube Katia Sycara Milind Tambe Hidehiko Tanaka Sebastian Thrun Junichi Tsujii Kurt VanLehn Andrei Voronkov Toby Walsh Bonnie Webber

Vicenç Torra Yasuo Narukawa

Modeling Decisions Information Fusion and Aggregation Operators With 55 Figures and 35 Tables

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Authors: Vicenç Torra IIIA-CSIC Campus Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona s/n 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain [email protected]

Yasuo Narukawa Tohogakuen 3-1-10, Naka, Kunitachi 186-0004 Tokyo, Japan [email protected]

Managing Editors: Prof. Dov M. Gabbay Augustus De Morgan Professor of Logic Department of Computer Science, King’s College London Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK Prof. Dr. Jörg Siekmann Forschungsbereich Deduktions- und Multiagentensysteme, DFKI Stuhlsatzenweg 3, Geb. 43, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007924084

ACM Computing Classification (1998): G.1.6, G.3, H.1, I.2, I.5, I.6. ISSN 1611-2482 ISBN 978-3-540-68789-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Design: KünkelLopka, Heidelberg Typesetting: by the Authors Production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Printed on acid-free paper

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To our wives, M`onica and Atsuko and to our children, Mart´ı, Aina, Meritxell Masaaki, Yoshifumi, Naohiro

Preface

Pedra, paper i tisores un, dos, tres Jan Ken Pon A-i ko de sho1 World RPS Society [437]

Information fusion is a broad area that studies methods to combine data or information supplied by multiple sources. Aggregation operator