Modelling Distributed Systems

A distributed system is driven by separate components that are executed in parallel, and protocols for such systems form a major aspect of system design in today’s world of wireless and mobile networking. Process algebras are languages for the description

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Advisory Board: G. Ausiello M. Broy C.S. Calude A. Condon D. Harel J. Hartmanis T. Henzinger N. Jones T. Leighton M. Nivat C. Papadimitriou D. Scott

Wan Fokkink

Modelling Distributed Systems With 18 Figures and 7 Tables

Author

Series Editors

Wan Fokkink

Prof. Dr. Wilfried Brauer

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Department of Computer Science Section Theoretical Computer Science De Boelelaan 1081a

Institut für Informatik der TUM Boltzmannstr. 3 85748 Garching, Germany [email protected]

1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Juraj Hromkovi ˇc ETH Zentrum Department of Computer Science Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 8092 Zürich, Switzerland [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Rozenberg Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science University of Leiden Niels Bohrweg 1 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Arto Salomaa Turku Centre of Computer Science Lemminkäisenkatu 14 A 20520 Turku, Finland [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2007933179

ACM Computing Classification (2007): F.3.1, D.2.4, C.2, I.6 ISSN 1862-4499 ISBN 978-3-540-73937-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007  The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Design: KünkelLopka, Heidelberg Typesetting: by the author Production: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., India Printed on acid-free paper

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Preface

A distributed system is driven by its separate concurrent components, which are being executed in parallel. In today’s world of wireless and mobile networking, distributed algorithms and network protocols tend to constitute an important aspect of system design. Verifying the correctness of such algorithms and protocols tends to be a formidable task, as even simple behaviours become wildly complicated when they are executed in parallel. Much effort is being spent on the development of novel techniques for the formal description and analysis of distributed systems. However, the majority of these techniques have up to now not been used widely, due to the sharp learning curve required to adopt them. Such verification techniques often hav