Models for Physics of the Very Small and Very Large

This monograph tackles three challenges. First, show a mathematics-based meta-model that matches known elementary particles. Second, apply models, based on the meta-model, to match other known physics data. Third, predict future physics data. The math fea

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Thomas J. Buckholtz

Models for Physics of the Very Small and Very Large

Atlantis Studies in Mathematics for Engineering and Science Volume 14

Series editor Charles K. Chui, Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Aims and scope of the series The series ‘Atlantis Studies in Mathematics for Engineering and Science’ (AMES) publishes high quality monographs in applied mathematics, computational mathematics, and statistics that have the potential to make a significant impact on the advancement of engineering and science on the one hand, and economics and commerce on the other. We welcome submission of book proposals and manuscripts from mathematical scientists worldwide who share our vision of mathematics as the engine of progress in the disciplines mentioned above. For more information on this series and our other book series, please visit our website at: www.atlantis-press.com/publications/books. Atlantis Press 8, square des Bouleaux 75019 Paris, France

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10071

Thomas J. Buckholtz

Models for Physics of the Very Small and Very Large

Thomas J. Buckholtz T.J. Buckholtz & Associates Portola Valley, CA USA

ISSN 1875-7642 ISSN 2467-9631 (electronic) Atlantis Studies in Mathematics for Engineering and Science ISBN 978-94-6239-165-9 ISBN 978-94-6239-166-6 (eBook) DOI 10.2991/978-94-6239-166-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016937514 © Atlantis Press and the author(s) 2016 This book, or any parts thereof, may not be reproduced for commercial purposes in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system known or to be invented, without prior permission from the Publisher. Printed on acid-free paper

To Helen Buckholtz. In memory of Joel and Sylvia J. Buckholtz. With appreciation for each of many people who contributed to my being able to attempt this work.

Preface

Welcome to Models for Physics of the Very Small and Very Large. This is a monograph about math-based modeling. However, let me start by describing a book I hope this monograph helps enable. *** Ideally, a book would do the following. List all known elementary particles. List all elementary particles people have not found. Show properties for each particle. Describe interactions in which each particle partakes. Use that information to close gaps between known data and traditional theory. Close gaps regarding particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. Predict data people have yet to measure. Point to practical applications. Do all that, based on one model or theory. That program faces difficulties. For example, suppose someone produced that book. Not enough data exists to verify some aspects of the book. That program features the following question. To what extent can models correlate with elementary particles? That is a useful question to explore. Consider theory. 95 % of the inferred stuff in the observable universe is unknown. To what extent is that stuff made of elemen