Modifying of UHMWPE fishing nets with layer-by-layer deposition method for antifouling properties
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Modifying of UHMWPE fishing nets with layer-by-layer deposition method for antifouling properties Gu¨ls¸ ah Ekin Kartal, Ays¸ e Merih Sarııs¸ ık
American Coatings Association 2020 Abstract The nanoparticles-based, multilayer, nanocomposite films ZnO, Cu2O, zinc borate, and Econea were fabricated on cationized ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fishing nets using a layer-by-layer molecular self-assembly technique. For the cationic surface charge, the UHMWPE fishing nets were pretreated with polyethyleneimine using the dip-coating method. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to examine the nano-ZnO, Cu2O, zinc borate, and Econea multilayer films deposited on the fishing nets. The fishing nets were placed in a fish farm located in the Aegean Sea for 6 months. The nano-Econea films exhibited excellent antifouling activity against microorganisms. To evaluate the effect of the process on antifouling properties, physical tests of the nets were conducted before and after the nanoparticle treatment. The strength of the nets and fouling organisms were examined after the field study. Keywords Layer-by-layer deposition, Antifouling, Nanoparticle multilayer, Fishing nets
Introduction Biofouling is the attachment of an organism or organisms to the surface of the materials in contact with water for a defined period. Biofouling is one of the most common problems in the marine industry. Marine aquaculture developed rapidly with the improvement of human living standards and the demand for seafood.1–6 At present, the aquaculture industry is G. E. Kartal (&), A. M. Sarııs¸ ık Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, _ Dokuz Eylu¨l University, Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]
primarily offshore and is increasing year by year. With the growth of the industry, new problems arose with pollution from fishing nets. The intensity of biofouling varies with the season, geographic region, and environmental conditions like temperature, pH, and salinity. The adhesion of marine organisms such as seaweed, shellfish, and other invertebrates to ship hulls, nets and some other marine facilities has become a serious environmental problem.6–13 Fishing nets are one of the practical tools of the fisheries industry. Most nets are made of nylon-6, polyethylene (PE), UHMWPE, or similar materials. Marine microbes, especially seaweed, can easily attach to them.14 Antifouling is the ability of specially designed materials and coatings to remove or prevent the attachment of marine organisms to wetted surfaces. Antifouling paints are formulated with cuprous oxide (or other copper compounds) and other biocides that impede the growth of barnacles, algae, and marine organisms. Although the dyes containing copper oxide are effective in antifouling, they are also harmful to the environment. Although copper(I) oxide is an antifouling agent, antifouling paints containing copper(I) oxide are highly toxic to nontarget marine organisms.10–20 Efforts hav
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