Molecular Biology of Long Non-coding RNAs
This second edition shows how long non-coding RNAs (lnc)RNAs have emerged as a new paradigm in epigenetic regulation of the genome. Thousands of lncRNAs have been identified and observed in a wide range of organisms. Unlike mRNA, lncRNA have no protein-co
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Molecular Biology of Long Non-coding RNAs Second Edition
Molecular Biology of Long Non-coding RNAs
Ahmad M. Khalil Editor
Molecular Biology of Long Non-coding RNAs Second Edition
Editor Ahmad M. Khalil Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, OH, USA
ISBN 978-3-030-17085-1 ISBN 978-3-030-17086-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17086-8 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Since the dawn of molecular biology it was accepted that most, if not all, biological processes are controlled by proteins. With a few exceptions, the vast majority of the scientific literature from the 1960s to the 2000s focused on proteins and their roles in development and disease. Although as early as the 1960s it was clear that living cells produce RNA molecules that are never translated into proteins (e.g., ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs), the prevailing dogma during that time was that RNA only serves as messengers for protein translation (mRNAs) or as constituents of protein building machinery (rRNAs, tRNAs). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the discovery of H19 and XIST, two genes that code for long non-coding RNAs with no protein-coding capacity, it was the first emerging evidence that RNAs could serve regulatory roles. Over three decades after the discoveries of H19 and XIST, we now know that the human genome is transcribed into both coding and non-coding transcripts, with current estimates of over 20,000 long non-coding RNAs. These coding and non-coding transcripts represent the first level of functional biology downstream of DNA and that, both directly and indirectly, yield the astounding complexity of molecula
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