Molecular Mechanisms of Prophase I Meiotic Arrest Maintenance and Meiotic Resumption in Mammalian Oocytes
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Molecular Mechanisms of Prophase I Meiotic Arrest Maintenance and Meiotic Resumption in Mammalian Oocytes
Reproductive Sciences 1-19 ª The Author(s) 2018 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1933719118765974 journals.sagepub.com/home/rsx
Maxim Filatov, MS1 , Yulia Khramova, PhD1, and Maria Semenova, BS1
Abstract Mechanisms of meiotic prophase I arrest maintenance (germinal vesicle [GV] stage) and meiotic resumption (germinal vesicle breakdown [GVBD] stage) in mammalian oocytes seem to be very complicated. These processes are regulated via multiple molecular cascades at transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels, and many of them are interrelated. There are many molecular cascades of meiosis maintaining and meiotic resumption in oocyte which are orchestrated by multiple molecules produced by pituitary gland and follicular cells. Furthermore, many of these molecular cascades are duplicated, thus ensuring the stability of the entire system. Understanding mechanisms of oocyte maturation is essential to assess the oocyte status, develop effective protocols of oocyte in vitro maturation, and design novel contraceptive drugs. Mechanisms of meiotic arrest maintenance at prophase I and meiotic resumption in mammalian oocytes are covered in the present article. Keywords contraception, follicle, gene expression, germinal vesicle, in vitro maturation
Introduction Elucidation of mechanisms of mammalian oocyte meiotic maturation is highly important not only for basic research but also for the development of application-oriented methods, such as assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Nowadays, many women who have oncological or autoimmune diseases require fertility-preservation procedures. The most actively developing approaches of female fertility preservation are oocyte cryopreservation, ovarian tissue cryopreservation, and ovarian tissue or ovarian follicle in vitro culture.1,2 The number of publications dedicated to ovarian tissue or ovarian follicles in vitro culture has increased significantly in the recent years. In most cases, pieces of ovarian tissue or ovarian follicles of mice or other mammals are used as models in such studies.3-5 The main aim of these research is usually to produce mature oocytes capable of fertilization.1,2 Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of oocyte maturation is significant to assess the oocyte condition. Moreover, progress in this field of science is necessary for the development of effective oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) protocols and for the design of novel contraceptive drugs that will act only on maturing oocytes allowing to reduce negative impact on women’s health. Nowadays, hormonal preparations are among the most commonly used contraceptives. However, associations between the use of some hormonal contraceptives and the development of depression,6,7 thrombosis,8,9 sexual
dysfunction,10 and ovarian reserve loss11,12 are being actively discussed. And there is no consensus on these questions. Therefore, development of effe
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