Monist and Pluralist Approaches on Underdetermination: A Case Study in Evolutionary Microbiology
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Monist and Pluralist Approaches on Underdetermination: A Case Study in Evolutionary Microbiology Thomas Bonnin1
© Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Philosophers have usually highlighted how the weakness and paucity of historical evidence underdetermine the choice between rival historical explanations. Focusing underdetermination on the link between theory and evidence comes, I argue, with three assumptions: (a) competing hypotheses are easy to generate, (b) investigators agree on the constitution and interpretation of the evidence and (c) a plurality of hypotheses is a useful evil to reach consensus. The last assumption implies that the sustained coexistence of incompatible hypotheses is considered as a scientific failure. I argue that this negative vision of sustained disagreement has monistic undertones. By drawing from a case study in evolutionary biology, this paper defends a form of scientific pluralism. Firstly, I show that underdetermination is not only found at the inferential level but also (a) at the level of the constitution and interpretation of the evidence, (b) on the choice of investigative scaffolds and (c) when interpreting background theories. Because of that, competing hypotheses exhibit a degree of methodological incommensurability. While catastrophic from a monistic standpoint, I defend that scientific pluralism gives a different, and I think richer, account of such situations. On the plus side, competing approaches benefit from their sustained coexistence and interaction. I argue that this generates direct and indirect epistemic goods independently of whether the controversy is solved. Scientific pluralism also shifts our attention from achieving consensus to managing disagreement. The challenge becomes to maintain the conditions for fruitful interactions in a community with incommensurable approaches and heterogeneous expertise. Keywords Philosophy of the historical sciences · Underdetermination · Scientific monism · Scientific pluralism · Evolutionary biology
* Thomas Bonnin [email protected] 1
Centre Emile Durkheim (UMR 5116), Faculté de Sociologie, Université de Bordeaux, 3 ter place de la Victoire, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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1 Introduction Historical scientists are in the business of producing knowledge about events in the past. These disciplines, such as palaeontology, archaeology, or cosmology, sometimes address events that have occurred thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions and even billions of years ago. What triggers the production of several hypotheses explaining these events? What happens in such cases? A common way to frame this issue is through the problem of underdetermination of theory by the evidence. This position, outlined in Sect. 2, explains the plurality of hypotheses by the lack of decisiveness of the available evidence. Such situations are ideally temporary and are escaped when new evidence or revised background theories ground superiority to one hypothesis over the others. I argue that this framing of the problem
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