Monte Carlo Simulation
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Maasai (Eastern Africa, Kenya, Tanzania) Indigenous Health
– Africa
Macroelements
Mad Cow Disease BSE
Maintenance Therapy Synonyms
Major
Elements (Macronutrients)
Substitution therapy; Methadone maintenance Definition
Macrolide Antibiotics Synonyms Macrolides
Definition Macrolide antibiotics have been used since 1952. The first substance available was erythromycin. In general, macrolides are given orally. Their effects are primarily on gram positive germs. Macrolides play a special role in the treatment of infections by chlamydia and mycoplasma. Due to their structure, these pathogens are classified between bacteria and viruses. As they do not have a proper cell wall, they are hardly sensitive to penicillin’s and cephalosporins. Another infection, which can be treated well by macrolides, is legionnaires disease.
Maintenance therapy (MM) in the context of substance dependence stands for prescribing psychoactive substances to currently dependent patients, who are unable to stop their problematic drug use. The most relevant examples are methadone, buprenorphine and recently legal heroin prescription (controversially discussed) for heroin dependents and nicotine replacements (patches, gums, nasal spray) for smokers. The therapeutic target is to reduce the negative health and social consequences of continued problematic drug use (“harm reduction”). MM is often combined with behaviour therapy programmes in order to reach abstinence as long–term goal, but quitting rates are unsatisfactory.
Major Elements (Macronutrients) Synonyms Macrominerals; Macroelements; Bulk minerals
Macrominerals Major
Elements (Macronutrients)
Definition Macroelements are dietary minerals needed by the human body in high quantities, generally more than 100
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Malaria
mg/day (as opposed to microminerals, which are only required in very small amounts). Macroelement composition is modified by a variety of natural processes and/or deliberate and accidental human activities. Concentrations depend mostly on the base on which the soil is formed (bedrocks). Soil may lose some elements by leaching; and agricultural chemicals and pollutants may be added. The presence of major elements as constituents of the human body are: oxygen, 61% (also forms the highest proportion of the lithosphere, i. e. 50%); carbon, 23%; hydrogen, 10%; and nitrogen, 2.6%; the rest is taken up by calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus.
Malaria M ONIKA KORN Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Friedrich Ebert Krankenhaus, Neumünster, Germany [email protected]
written by Roman physicians, are dated to the 2nd century AD. The relationship between fever and marsh areas gave malaria its name: malaria stems from Italian and means bad air. For hundreds of years, Peruvian Indians have been using cinchona bark to cure specific forms of malaria. Quinine, which is the effective alkaloid of the cinchona bark, was isolated at the beginning of the 1820s. It took another hundred years before further therapeutics against malaria were developed. At the e
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