Morphological Structures, Mechanical, Thermal and Optical Properties of PVA/HNT Bionanocomposite Films
The effect of material composition and nanofiller contents on mechanical, thermal and optical properties along with morphological structures was evaluated in this chapter. The presence of glycerol (GL) as a typical plasticiser reduced Young’s modulus and
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Morphological Structures, Mechanical, Thermal and Optical Properties of PVA/HNT Bionanocomposite Films
Abstract The effect of material composition and nanofiller contents on mechanical, thermal and optical properties along with morphological structures was evaluated in this chapter. The presence of glycerol (GL) as a typical plasticiser reduced Young’s modulus and tensile strength of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/GL blends, as well as improved the elongation at break when compared with those of neat PVA films. This trend was completely opposite to the effect of starch (ST) for PVA/ST blends. Moreover, tensile strength, Young’s modulus and thermal properties in term of melting temperature (Tm), decomposition temperatures and weight loss of PVA/ ST/GL/halloysite nanotube (HNT) bionanocomposites were enhanced significantly with the incorporation of 0.25–1 wt% HNTs due to good nanofiller dispersion to form intercalated bionanocomposite structures. Such properties of bionanocomposite films appeared to decline beyond 1 wt% HNTs due to their typical agglomeration, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in spite of being still better than those of PVA counterparts.
Keywords Mechanical properties Thermal properties Transparency Filler agglomeration
Intercalated structures
Although biodegradable polymers are widely available, relatively cheap, non-toxic, highly reactive, biocompatible and biodegradable along with acceptable strength, they still have very narrow applications due to their weak mechanical properties and thermal stability, as well as poor barrier properties [1–3]. Food packaging requires a combination of science, technology and art to provide physical protection of products in order to maintain their quality and shelf life by minimising the permeability at the least price [2, 4, 5]. The most popular scenario to overcome these limitations is to develop new polymer nanocomposite systems for packaging applications [6, 7]. Polymer nanocomposites offer the potential improvements in material properties like mechanical, thermal, optical and barrier properties at relatively low nanofiller contents [8]. A number of molecular changes can happen in nanocomposites due to the interactions between nanofillers with high surface areas © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Z. W. Abdullah and Y. Dong, Polyvinyl Alcohol/Halloysite Nanotube Bionanocomposites as Biodegradable Packaging Materials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7356-9_3
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and polymer matrices leading to the “non-classical” response of these nanocomposites reflected on the change of bulk material properties [9]. Consequently, an explicit investigation on morphological structures of nanocomposites is essential to establish their good structure–property relationship.
3.1 3.1.1
Morphological Structures SEM Observation
Morphological structures of as-received HNT powders, neat PVA and PVA blends are illustrated in Fig. 3.1. Whereas, morphological structures
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