Multi-Level Responses of Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens ) to a Whole-Lake Nanosilver Addition Study
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Multi‑Level Responses of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) to a Whole‑Lake Nanosilver Addition Study Lauren D. Hayhurst1,2 · Jonathan D. Martin3 · Sarah J. Wallace4 · Valérie S. Langlois4 · Marguerite A. Xenopoulos3 · Chris D. Metcalfe3 · Michael D. Rennie1,2 Received: 22 April 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are widely used as antibacterial agents in both commercial products and for industrial applications. As such, AgNP has a high potential for release into freshwater environments. As part of a whole-lake ecosystem experiment to examine the impacts of AgNP exposure at low µg/L concentrations over multiple years, we evaluated biological responses in Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) before, during, and after AgNP additions to a freshwater lake. Yellow Perch were monitored for responses to in situ AgNP additions at the cellular (suite of biomarkers), individual (growth, prey consumption, and metabolism), and population (abundance and gross prey consumption) scales. At the cellular level, several biomarkers of oxidative stress in liver tissues revealed down-regulation, including decreased mRNA levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in Yellow Perch collected during AgNP exposure, and elevated ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione. At the individual level, Yellow Perch bioenergetic models revealed that prey consumption and total metabolism significantly declined during AgNP additions and remained depressed one year after AgNP addition. At the population level, Yellow Perch densities and gross prey consumption declined after AgNP was added to the lake. Together, these results reveal a holistic assessment of the negative impacts of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant AgNP concentrations (i.e., µg/L) on Yellow Perch at cellular, individual, and population levels. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are a common antimicrobial agent in a wide range of consumer products, including medical products, clothing, and laundry detergents (Nowack et al. 2012; Buzea et al. 2007). As such, a major point of entry to the aquatic environment for AgNP is through point sources, such as municipal wastewater and industrial discharges, and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00764-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
from diffuse sources, such as runoff from agricultural fields treated with biosolids (Nowack et al. 2012; Maillard and Hartemann 2013; Colman et al. 2014). In aquatic environments, AgNP may be a threat to aquatic life because it is acutely toxic to fish at high µg/L or low mg/L concentrations (Asharani et al. 2008; Chae et al. 2009; Farmen et al. 2012; Garner et al. 2015; Valerio-Garcia et al. 2017). There is evidence that the silver ions ( Ag+) released from AgNP
* Lauren D. Hayhurst lhayhurst@iisd‑ela.org
Michael D. Rennie [email protected]
Jonathan D. Martin [email protected]
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