Multi-objective based deployment of throwboxes in Delay Tolerant Networks for the Internet of Things environment
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Multi‑objective based deployment of throwboxes in Delay Tolerant Networks for the Internet of Things environment Poongodi Chinnasamy1 · Siba Kumar Udgata2 · Lalitha K1 · Jeevanantham A1 Received: 29 April 2020 / Revised: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Recent advances in Delay Tolerant Networks find its way into the Internet of Things leading to a new framework known as DTN-IoT. Delay Tolerant Network models can be effectively implemented within the Internet of Things framework to overcome intermittent connectivity problems. This could be made possible by deploying a few strategic nodes called throwboxes, which act as intermediate relay nodes and increase communication opportunities among the nodes. Each throwbox is assumed to have a pre-specified transmission range. Increase in the connection opportunities in a throwbox assisted DTN-IoT environment depends mainly on the optimal deployment of throwboxes. The objective of this paper is to identify optimal deployment locations for placement of throwboxes in a throwbox assisted DTN-IoT environment by (1) maximizing the coverage of all the throwboxes (2) minimizing the average delay and (3) maximizing the delivery ratio among all the nodes. We use an efficient Multi-Objective Differential Evolution and a popular Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II for finding the optimal deployment location of throwboxes. The simulation results are compared to find a preferable strategy in throwbox deployment and enhance the performance of throwbox assisted DTN-IoT environment. Keywords Delay tolerant networks · Internet of things · Throwboxes · Deployment strategy · Multi-objective optimisation
1 Introduction The IoT allows every physical device to connect to the internet and being able to identify themselves to other devices. IoT interconnects all sensor embedded physical things for many applications. The major issues in IoT applications include object identification and tracking; networking of things/objects, privacy control, and data visualization 1]. The IoT sensor nodes communicate using existing wireless communication methods like Zigbee, GPRS, Wi-Fi etc. * Siba Kumar Udgata [email protected] Poongodi Chinnasamy [email protected] Lalitha K [email protected] Jeevanantham A [email protected] 1
Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, TN, India
School of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
2
However, IoT nodes simply suffer from issues like unreliable wireless transmissions, weak security and low energy level. DTN is characterized as a delay-tolerant network where a source node and its peer(s) are not always connected, a maximum round-trip time between any node pairs, asymmetric connectivity and high packet drop probability [2]. Enabling DTN in IoT will allow smart physical objects to communicate effectively in presence of frequent disruption in their connectivity. It can also address
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