Multi-risk analysis on European cultural and natural UNESCO heritage sites
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Multi‑risk analysis on European cultural and natural UNESCO heritage sites Andrea Valagussa1 · Paolo Frattini1 · Giovanni Crosta1 · Daniele Spizzichino2 · Gabriele Leoni2 · Claudio Margottini2 Received: 27 July 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A multi-criteria risk analysis to identify and to rank the most critical UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHSs) in Europe was implemented in the framework of the JPI-CH PROTHEGO project. The presented approach considers three natural geo-hazards (i.e. landsliding, seismic shaking and volcanic activity) for which homogenous European hazard maps are available. The methodology is based on a quantitative and reproducible heuristic assessment of risk through the development of a new UNESCO Risk Index (URI), which combines the level of hazard with a potential damage vector. The latter expresses the expected level of damage as a function of the type of heritage site (monuments, cultural routes, rock-art sites, cultural landscapes, earthworks/hominid sites, walls and natural sites), the position with respect to the ground (underground or overground) and the hazard type. The methodology was applied both to the entire WHS site and to the different properties that compose the site, with the purpose of identifying areas, inside the same site, with different level of risk. At European scale, the spatial distribution of risk reflects the fact that only three hazards were implemented in the analysis so far, with highest values in the Mediterranean area due to the importance of seismic hazard. Keywords UNESCO WHSs · Natural hazard · Risk assessment · Europe · Hazard ranking
1 Introduction UNESCO World Heritage Sites (hereafter referred as WHSs) protection and conservation are very important to communicate to future generations the human impact on Earth and the beauty of the Earth itself. WHSs are defined as cultural and natural heritage. Cultural heritage sites are monuments, groups of buildings, sites that are of outstanding universal Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s1106 9-020-04417-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Andrea Valagussa [email protected] 1
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
2
ISPRA, Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Rome, Italy
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value from the point of view of history, art or science (UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2017). Natural heritage sites are natural features, geological and physiographical formations and natural areas of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty (UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2017). Inevitably WHSs are affected by multiple factors and problems emerge from a combination of pressures such as development and infrastructure (~ 65% of properties); mismanagement and legal issues (~ 67% of properties); other human activities (
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