Multicarrier Systems Over Underwater Acoustic Channels: A Performance Evaluation
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Multicarrier Systems Over Underwater Acoustic Channels: A Performance Evaluation Daniel Rodrigues de Luna1 · Lívio Carvalho de Sousa2 · Vicente A. de Sousa Jr.1 Accepted: 29 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The use of clean communication paths underwater can enable important applications not only for the human being. Predictions of water-observation systems (e.g., oxygen levels, climate recording, pollutant contents) and monitoring/imaging animal activity (e.g., fish, micro-organisms) could anticipate actions to preserve underwater life in case of natural disturbances. Thus, a well-designed underwater communication system goes beyond military and commercial applications, it is an agent to safeguard ocean and rivers lives. This work contributes to an underwater link design at evaluating the performance of two emerging waveforms techniques (OFDM and GFDM) and the classic FSK over an underwater acoustic channel. Large scale fading effects, including multipath fading, Doppler spread, and geometric issues are addressed. In addition to the well-known ability to combat multipath in electromagnetic channels, OFDM and GFDM are chosen due to their efficient use of bandwidth and higher data rate compared to the current underwater FSK modems. We analyze the performance of those techniques, as well as their similarities and differences in terms of the Bit Error Rate and Bitrate, evidencing that there is a performance tradeoff to be taken into account when choosing the waveform of submarine systems. Keywords Underwater communication · FSK · OFDM · GFDM
1 Introduction In recent years, the investment in underwater communication is focused on submarine applications for civil and military purposes [1]. Due to the severe attenuation of a underwater channel using traditional electromagnetic waves (limiting the coverage up to 100 m),
* Daniel Rodrigues de Luna [email protected] Lívio Carvalho de Sousa [email protected] Vicente A. de Sousa Jr. [email protected] 1
Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
2
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras), Alto do Rodrigues, RN, Brazil
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the applications are limited to special cases [2, 3]. Replacing the electromagnetic wave by the acoustic one is an alternative to reach some kilometers in range. Confronting the challenges posed by the Underwater Acoustic communication (limited bandwidth, long propagation delays, long multipath delay spread, and fast time variation) is necessary to design an efficient, robust and reliable communication chain. In other words, we need to address the time-varying and the frequency-selectivity characteristics experienced in the underwater channel. While the severe Doppler mainly originates the former, the multipath fading causes the latter [4]. Concerning the underwater communication technology progress throughout the years, we see an evolution related to overcoming those challenges, yielding in several advan
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