Multidimensional Transportation Problem
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Machine Learning A term used in the artificial intelligence community to indicate automated improvement based on experience or empirical data in accomplishing a given task such as optimizing an objective function.
See ▶ Artificial Intelligence
special methods based on mathematical logic, while (4) is considered in the scope of optimal redundancy and inventory control.
See ▶ Airline Industry Operations Research ▶ Inventory Modeling
References Ushakov, I. A. (Ed.). (1994). Handbook of reliability engineering. New York: Wiley.
MAD Mean absolute deviation.
Makespan Maintenance Maintenance is the support of successful system operation during long periods of usage by means of: (1) regular or sample check-ups; (2) planned or preventive replacement of the system’s units; (3) failure diagnosis; and/or (4) spare units supply. Operations research models for a system maintenance analysis are represented mainly by optimization models for the improvement of system and equipment reliability. For (1) and (2), one usually uses methods of controlled stochastic processes. For (3), one uses
▶ Scheduling and sequencing
Malcolm Baldrige Award ▶ Total Quality Management
Manhattan Metric ▶ Location Analysis
S.I. Gass, M.C. Fu (eds.), Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1153-7, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Manpower Planning David J. Bartholomew The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
Introduction Manpower (or, human resource) planning is concerned with the quantitative aspects of the supply of and demand for people in employment. At one extreme this might include the whole working population of a country, but it has been most successful when applied to smaller, more homogeneous systems like individual firms or professions. The term manpower planning appears to date from the 1960s though many of the ideas can be traced back much further. In recent years terms such as Workforce Panning and Personnel Planning have been used in the same sense. A history of the subject up to the 1980s,from a U.K. perspective, will be found in Smith and Bartholomew (1988). The literature of the subject is very scattered reflecting the diverse disciplinary origins of the practitioners, but most of the technical material is to be found in the journals of operations research, probability, and statistics. There was an initial surge of publication in the late 1960s and early 1970s and since then book length treatments include Grinold and Marshall (1977), Vajda (1978), and Bennison and Casson (1984). Bartholomew, Forbes and McClean (1991) gives a thorough coverage of the technical material and contains an extensive bibliography. Since then there has been a period of consolidation. The earlier theoretical work has largely proved adequate for practical needs, though there have been developments in closely related areas. See, for example, Kalamatianou and McLean (2003). The essence of manpower planning is summed up in the aphorism that its aim is to have the ri
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