Multimode Interference Fiber Sensors for the Monitoring of Gasoline/Ethanol Blends
Multimode interference (MMI) devices have attracted a great deal of interest due to their simplicity of fabrication. The MMI device is ready for testing after splicing a section of multimode fiber (MMF) between two single-mode fiber (SMF). In this chapter
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Abstract Multimode interference (MMI) devices have attracted a great deal of interest due to their simplicity of fabrication. The MMI device is ready for testing after splicing a section of multimode fiber (MMF) between two single-mode fiber (SMF). In this chapter we provide an overview of the fundamentals behind the formation of self-images in MMI fiber devices, as well as the basic mechanisms for tuning their operational wavelength which is related with their application for sensing applications. The sensitivity enhancement of these MMI fiber sensors is also investigated by reducing the diameter of the MMF via wet chemical etching, as well as coating the MMF with a high refractive index overlay. The MMI fiber sensors are applied to the quality control of gasolines and in particular the real time monitoring of gasohol, mixtures of gasoline and ethanol, which is critical for the proper operation of flexible-fuel vehicles (FFV). The results demonstrate that MMI fiber sensors are well suited for such applications, as well as other applications were the binary mixture of liquids has to be controlled or monitored.
A.J. Rodriguez-Rodriguez (✉) Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, UAM Reynosa Rodhe, 88779 Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] D.A. May-Arrioja Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, Aguascalientes, Ags. 20200, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] I. Hernandez-Romano CONACYT-Electronics Department, Sede Palo Blanco, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36885 Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] I.R. Matías Depto. de Ing. Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 I.R. Matias et al. (eds.), Fiber Optic Sensors, Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 21, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42625-9_15
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1 Introduction Refractive index (RI) sensors based on different optical fiber configurations have been extensively studied in the past decade [1, 2]. Over these years, RI sensors have been developed using different fiber structures such as fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), long period gratings (LPG), in-fiber Fabry-Perot cavities, interferometric devices, and microfiber resonators [3–11]. A common feature in such RI sensors is that in order to fabricate the sensor they require either complex fabrication processes or rather expensive equipment. Additionally, although most of the RI sensors developed to date focus on large sensitivities for potential applications related to bio-sensing, there are several applications related to the real time monitoring of binary liquid mixtures where large sensitivities are not required. For instance, the real time monitoring of gasoline and ethanol blends is becoming increasingly important for flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) which are designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol fuel. Knowledge of the ethanol concentration in the gasohol blend allows m
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