Multistatic estimation of high-frequency radar surface currents in the region of Toulon
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Multistatic estimation of high-frequency radar surface currents in the region of Toulon ´ 1 Dylan Dumas1 · Anthony Gramoulle´ 1 · Charles-Antoine Guerin 1 Bruno Zakardjian
` 1· · Anne Molcard1 · Yann Ourmieres
Received: 22 March 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The high-frequency radar coastal network in Toulon operates in multistatic mode for the monitoring of the ocean circulation in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. With 2 transmitters and 2 receivers on 3 distant sites, it measures 4 different elliptical components of the surface velocity. We provide a methodology for improved current mapping using this augmented number of available projections and we show some typical results obtained during the year 2019. The validity and the quality of the reconstruction are assessed through comparisons with two types of in situ measurements, namely drifters’ velocities from a dedicated campaign and acoustic Doppler current profiler data from an opportunity oceanographic campaign. The results of these assessments confirm the accuracy of these high-frequency radar measurements and their ability to capture the mesoto submeso-scale variability of the near shelf circulation. Keywords High-frequency radar · Surface current · Multistatic · Drifters
1 Introduction The ever increasing demand for real-time monitoring of surface currents in the coastal area has supported a constant growth of high-frequency radar (HFR) coastal networks around the world in the last decade with over 400 stations installed (Roarty et al. 2019). The vast majority of these radar systems operate in monostatic mode (i.e., with colocated transmitter and receiver) which is the standard on-the-shelf configuration. However, it has been realized for about one decade that bistatic (i.e., with separated transmitter and receiver) and multistatic (i.e., with multiple interacting transmitters and receivers) modes can be very advantageous configurations to mitigate some practical limitations of existing monostatic installations (Lipa et al. 2009; Whelan and Hubbard 2015; Baskin et al. 2016; Roarty et al. 2019; Yang et al. 2014; Gu´erin et al. 2019; Dumas and Gu´erin 2020). The main reason is that the larger number Responsible Editor: Alejandro Orfila Charles-Antoine Gu´erin
[email protected] 1
Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Universit´e de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Toulon, France
of available projections of the surface velocity and their redundancy make it possible to increase the accuracy of the surface current as well as the radar coverage; in addition, multistatic systems are more robust to hardware failure which is a common struggle to radar operators. Our group has been operating for one decade a HFR network for the monitoring of surface currents in the coastal area of Toulon (e.g., Marmain et al. 2011, 2014; Bellomo et al. 2015; Sentchev et al. 2017). In this region, the circulation is dominated by a strong permanent westward boundary current, referred to as
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