Myxococcus xanthus Colony Calcification: An Study to Better Understand the Processes Involved in the Formation of this S
Calcium carbonate precipitation is a common phenomenon in nature and has been observed to be mediated by a number of microorganisms (for a review, see Castanier et al. 2000; Wright and Oren 2005). Bacterially induced carbonate mineralization is important
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Introduction Calcium carbonate precipitation is a common phenomenon in nature and has been observed to be mediated by a number of microorganisms (for a review, see Castanier et al. 2000; Wright and Oren 2005). Bacterially induced carbonate mineralization is important in a wide range of processes including atmospheric CO2 budgeting (Braissant et al. 2002; Ehrlich 2002), carbonate sediment and rock formation (Riding 2000; Ben Chekroun et al. 2004), biogeochemical cycling of elements (Banfield and Nealson 1997; Ehrlich 2002), human pathological concretions (Keefe 1976) and have also relevant technological applications for example in metal-contaminated groundwater bioremediation (Warren et al. 2001; Fujita et al. 2004; Mitchell and Ferris 2005; K€ ohler et al. 2007) and even in conservation of ornamental stone (Rodriguez-Navarro et al. 2003; Jimenez-Lopez et al. 2007). Much research has been dedicated to the study of extracelullar precipitation of calcium carbonate by different microorganisms [i.e.: sulfate-reducing bacteria and cyanobacteria (i.e.: Wright 1999), Bacillus (i.e.: Castanier et al. 2000), Myxobacteria (i.e.: Ben Chekroun et al. 2004), Halobacillus (i.e.: Rivadeneyra et al. 2004) and Pseudomonas (i.e.: Baskar et al. 2006)]. Most of these studies are mainly dedicated to the understanding of the role of bacteria on the specific biomineralization phenomenon and to the characterization of the resulting biominerals. In this context, passive and active mechanisms have been proposed for the precipitation of bacterially induced calcium carbonate. While passive mechanisms for calcium
C. Jimenez-Lopez, K.B. Chekroun, F. Jroundi, J.M. Arias, and M.T. Gonza´lez-Mun˜oz (*) Departamento de Microbiologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain e-mail: [email protected] M. Rodrı´guez-Gallego Departamento de Mineralogı´a y Petrologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
J. Reitner et al., Advances in Stromatolite Geobiology, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 131, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10415-2_11, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
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carbonate precipitation refer to the mineral formation as the result of changes on the chemistry of the environment caused by bacterial metabolic activity, active mechanisms for calcium carbonate precipitation refer to the formation of minerals mediated by bacterial wall, cell membranes and/or cell debris, which act as nuclei for crystallization (Wright and Oren 2005; Ercole et al. 2007). With respect to passive calcium carbonate precipitation, there are a number of metabolic processes able to create favorable conditions for calcium carbonate precipitation. One of the most studied passive mechanisms is photosynthesis. In this regard, phototrophic bacteria like cyanobacteria have been associated with carbonate precipitation in the context of marine and freshwater sediments. However, there is controversy regarding the mechanisms leading to the a
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