Nanoencapsulation of sophorolipids in PEGylated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) as a novel approach to target colon carcinoma
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Nanoencapsulation of sophorolipids in PEGylated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) as a novel approach to target colon carcinoma in the murine model Yusuf Haggag 1 & Mohamed Elshikh 2 & Mohamed El-Tanani 3 & Ibrahim M Bannat 2 & Paul McCarron 4 & Murtaza M. Tambuwala 4
# The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocapsules containing amphiphilic biosurfactant sophorolipids were formulated using a dispersion-based procedure. Di-block copolymers were used to vary peripheral poly(ethylene glycol) density, and variation in the oil core was used to achieve efficient encapsulation of the sophorolipid payload. Particulate size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, release and stability were characterised. A glyceryl monocaprate core composition had the lowest particulate size, maximum encapsulation efficiency and optimum shelf-life stability compared to other formulations. This core composition was used to deliver sophorolipid to both in vitro and in vivo model tumour cell lines (CT26 murine colon carcinoma) and the effect of peripheral hydrophilicity was evaluated. Formulations with 10% poly(ethylene glycol) density achieved more than 80% reduction in cancer cell viability after 72 h and enhanced cellular uptake in CT26 cells. These formulations exhibited higher tumour accumulation and a longer blood circulation profile when compared to the non-poly(ethylene glycol)-containing nanocapsules. Animals treated with sophorolipid-loaded nanocapsules showed a tumour growth inhibition of 57% when compared to controls. An assessment of tumour mass within the same study cohort showed the biggest reduction when compared control and free drugtreated cohorts. This study shows that hydrophilic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocapsules loaded with sophorolipids can address the poor intracellular delivery associated with these biosurfactants and is a promising approach for the treatment of colon neoplasia. Keywords Sophorolipids . Biosurfactant . Drug delivery . Nanocapsule . CT26 cells . Colon cancer
Introduction Natural surfactants are classified according to their chemical composition and source of origin (plant or microorganism) [1]. Specific types derived from microorganism-based sources are characterised further on the basis of molecular weight and * Murtaza M. Tambuwala [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
2
School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK
3
Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman, Jordan
4
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK
segregated into two separate classes, known as the biosurfactants and the bioemulsifiers. The former possess excellent surface activity and are able to lower interfacial tensions betwe en immiscible p hases. Ho weve r, the bioemulsifiers are less effective at doing
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