Nanoparticle surfactants and structured liquids
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INVITED ARTICLE
Nanoparticle surfactants and structured liquids Shuyi Sun 1 & Tan Liu 1 & Shaowei Shi 1 & Thomas P. Russell 1,2,3 Received: 6 May 2020 / Revised: 29 July 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Materials are usually classified as solids or liquids, based on their structural stability, dynamic response, and rheological properties. Structured liquid, a new state of matter, has attracted much attention in recent years. Different with either solid or liquid, structured liquid combines the desirable characteristics of fluids with the structural stability of a solid, showing a myriad of potential applications in encapsulation, biphasic reactors, and programmable liquid constructs. Here, a brief review is given, by introducing a new strategy to structure liquids based on the formation, assembly, and jamming of nanoparticle surfactants (NPSs) at liquid-liquid interfaces. The interfacial packing of the NPSs can be effectively manipulated using external triggers, endowing the structured liquids with adaptiveness and responsiveness to changes in their external environment. Keywords Nanoparticle surfactants . Interfacial assembly . Structured liquids
Introduction When it comes to liquids, the first words that come to mind are soft, flowing, and shapeless. These properties distinguish liquids from solids, which, in turn, make liquids difficult to be processed and molded. Imagine how wonderful it would be if liquids could be shaped as desired. In this case, the structures of liquids can be manipulated to complex geometries and can be further used for the construction of complex liquid devices for charge and mass transduction, compartmentalized reaction, encapsulation, and delivery. Recently, by taking advantage of the jamming of colloidal particles at the liquid-liquid interface, a new kind of soft material, termed structured liquids, has been put forward. This field emerged from bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels, or bijels [1, 2], which are prepared by using the spinodal * Shaowei Shi [email protected] * Thomas P. Russell [email protected] 1
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
2
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
3
Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
decomposition of a binary liquid mixture in the presence of the colloidal particles. These particles are trapped at the interface without imposing any preferred interfacial curvature. As phase separation proceeds, the system attempts to reduce the interfacial area, the packing of the particles at the interface densifies, and the particles jam; not allowing the interfacial area to decrease further, phase separation is arrested. And the bicontinuous structure characteristic of spinodal phase separation is locked in [3–6]. However, t
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