Nanophenomena at Surfaces Fundamentals of Exotic Condensed Matter Pr

This book presents the state of the art in nanoscale surface physics. It outlines contemporary trends in the field covering a wide range of topical areas: atomic structure of surfaces and interfaces, molecular films and polymer adsorption, biologically in

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springer series in surface sciences Series Editors: G. Ertl, H. Lüth and D.L. Mills This series covers the whole spectrum of surface sciences, including structure and dynamics of clean and adsorbate-covered surfaces, thin films, basic surface effects, analytical methods and also the physics and chemistry of interfaces. Written by leading researchers in the field, the books are intended primarily for researchers in academia and industry and for graduate students.

Please view available titles in Springer Series in Surface Sciences on series homepage http://www.springer.com/series/409

Michail Michailov (Editor)

Nanophenomena at Surfaces Fundamentals of Exotic Condensed Matter Properties With 145 Figures

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Volume Editor: Associate Professor Dr. Michail Michailov Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Institute of Physical Chemistry Georgi Bonchev Street, Block 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]

Series Editors: Professor Dr. Gerhard Ertl Fritz-Haber-Institute der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin, Germany

Professor Dr. Hans Lüth Institut für Schicht- und Ionentechnik Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany

Professor Douglas L. Mills, Ph.D. Department of Physics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, USA

Springer Series in Surface Sciences ISSN 0931-5195 ISBN 978-3-642-16509-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-16510-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16510-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

This book is dedicated to the memory of

Iwan N. Stranski (1897–1979)

Rostislaw Kaischew (1908–2002)

distinguished scholars who pioneered important ideas in the classical theory of crystal growth and phase formation

Preface

Being tightly technologically oriented, the contemporary scientific knowledge often suffers from lack of passion. The present book, dedicated to two distinguished scholars, Prof. Iwan N. Stranski and Prof. Rostislaw Kaischew, intends to illuminate this ardor as a state of the human mind moving science forward. In the 1920s, Iw