Nanoporous structures of metal oxides-loaded graphene nanocomposites and their energy storage performance
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Nanoporous structures of metal oxides‑loaded graphene nanocomposites and their energy storage performance K. P. Annamalai1,2 · Tianlu Chen2 · Yousheng Tao1,2 Received: 1 October 2019 / Revised: 1 February 2020 / Accepted: 13 March 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Efficient and stable supercapacitor electrodes must possess large surface area, excellent conductivity and electrochemical stability. In this regard, conductive carbon loaded metal oxide composites are of particular interest. Herein, Ru–Mn oxide loaded graphene was synthesized with different graphene oxide (GO) proportion using simple solution chemistry method. Morphological and compositional characterizations were carried out to confirm the well-integrated Ru–Mn oxide/graphene nanocomposites. Nanoporous structures were identified by N2 adsorption–desorption analysis at 77 K. Based on the nanoporous structure and related conductivity enhancement, capacitance of the samples boosted from 351 to 437 F g −1, which is more than twofold higher than the samples without graphene. Because of the larger accessible nanopores, rate retention of the samples was also improved from the 40 to 82% from 2 to 20 A g−1 current density. Excellent capacitance storage and rate retention performance illustrate that favorable nanoporous structured composites not only promote the capacitance but also retain the capacitance over prolonged period. The results verify that nanoporous structures of the nanocomposites occupy a major room for their energy storage performance in supercapacitor application. Keywords Graphene · Metal oxide · Composite · Nitrogen adsorption · Micropore · Mesopore · Capacitance
1 Introduction Owing to the high power density, fast charge/discharge rate and long service life, supercapacitors make major impact in the chronic backup power supply, portable electronics and smart devices (Simon and Gogotsi 2008; Simon et al. 2014). Nanoporosities of electrode materials hold a vital contribution in several energy storage devices including supercapacitors for efficient energy storage and delivery (Tao et al. 2011, 2008; Annamalai et al. 2015). Accordingly, nanoporous metal oxides become increasing interest in supercapacitors because of the capacitive faradic reactions and their continuous mass transportations (Dubal et al. 2017; Lang et al. 2011). However, applications of metal oxides limited by their low conductivity and stability. Recently conductive * Yousheng Tao [email protected] 1
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Fuzhou 350002, China
2
carbon loaded with metal oxides was found to be an ideal route for the efficient capacitance storage thru stabilized conductive structure and combined electrical double layerelectron transfer reactions in the electrode interfaces. Several metal oxide loaded carbon nanotubes, activated carbon a
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