Nanotechnology and Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Future Prospects
The prevalence of diabetes has increased substantially claiming one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity among youth and middle-aged individuals, globally. One of the various battling issues faced by the patients is the management of diabetic as
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Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Mohammad Zubair • Jamal Ahmad Abida Malik • Mallikarjuna Rao Talluri Editors
Diabetic Foot Ulcer An Update
Editors Mohammad Zubair Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine University of Tabuk Tabuk Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abida Malik Ex-Chairperson-Department of Microbiology, Former Dean-Faculty of Medicine, J N Medical College & Hospital Faculty of Medicine Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India
Jamal Ahmad Consultant, Diabetes & Endocrinology Superspeciality Center Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India Mallikarjuna Rao Talluri Research Associate Bioanalytical Department AXIS Clinicals Hyderabad Telangana India
ISBN 978-981-15-7638-6 ISBN 978-981-15-7639-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7639-3 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Preface
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder (an excess of glucose levels in blood) because insulin is no longer produced in the pancreas (type I DM) or the body is unable to utilize produced insulin in the body properly (type II DM). DM is the world’s most endemic and mortality causing disease affecting more than 6% of the adult population. The growth rate of DM patients has been increasing rapidly due to different factors such as genetic, environmental, lifestyle, increased calorie intake, and less body exercise. But the development of medication is not as much as the growth rate of DM and its complications. Type I DM has no preventive medicine, but type II can be prevented and controlled by maintaining a healthy lifestyle. However, their complications can be delayed by taking insulin therapy. The co
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