Nanotube confinement-induced g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 nanorods with rich oxygen vacancies for enhanced photocatalytic water deco
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Nanotube confinement‑induced g‑C3N4/TiO2 nanorods with rich oxygen vacancies for enhanced photocatalytic water decontamination Daixun Jiang1 · Xun Sun1 · Hua Zhang1 · Kun Wang1 · Liang Shi1 · Fanglin Du1 Received: 11 September 2019 / Accepted: 24 February 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Construction of semiconductor heterojunctions is an efficient strategy to improve photo-induced charges separation and thus enhance photocatalytic activities. Herein, g-C3N4/TiO2 heterostructures were prepared via a facile thermal procedure, with TiO2 nanorods as matrix and g-C3N4 as visible-light sensitizer. Heterojunctions formed while precursors cyanamide polymerized to g-C3N4 and protonated titanate nanotube (H-TNTs) dehydrated and shrinked to TiO2 nanorods. Notably, confined polymerization of g-C3N4 occurred at both external surface and internal space of H-TNTs with the assistant of vacuum treatment, while NH3 released from cyanamide decomposition yielded abundant oxygen vacancies (VO) in TiO2 nanorods. Compared with pristine T iO2 nanorods, the heterostructured g-C3N4/TiO2 nanorods possess 1.7 times more active in photocatalytic removal of organic dye Orange II. A mechanism was proposed for heterostructured g-C3N4/TiO2 nanorods, being attributed to synergistic increasing light harvesting by VO and charges separation by heterojunctions. Keywords Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) · Confined synthesis · Heterostructures · Photocatalysis
1 Introduction Increasing attention is focused on the techniques about environmental manipulation with the growing serious pollution, especially for water contamination. As one of the promising approaches, photocatalysis can convert solar energy into chemical one directly in an environmental friendly manner [1–3]. Titania ( TiO2) has been served as the most widely used photocatalyst due to its powerful oxidizing capability, excellent stability, non-toxicity and low-cost [4]. Recently, one-dimensional TiO2 nanostructures have received extra attention for superior specific surface area and oriented electrons migration. For instance, Yong et al. obtained onedimensional TiO2 arrays on Ti foil by alkaline hydrothermal process, and the nanostructured TiO2 film exhibited superior photocatalytic degradation performance toward Rhodamine B (RhB), tetramethylammonium (TMA), and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) [5]. Cui et al. applied sol–gel combined with * Liang Shi [email protected] 1
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou Road 53, Qingdao 266042, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
hydrothermal approach to constructed carbon-coated TiO2 nanotubes, obtaining 1.4 times of photocatalytic O 2 evolution than carbon-TiO2 nanoparticles [6–8]. However, practical applications of TiO2 nanostructures are still restricted by the limited solar light absorption. Metal and non-metal ions doping, noble metal loading, and heterostructures construction are common strategies to improve the pe
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