Natural Disasters and Extreme Events in Agriculture Impacts and Miti
Agricultural production is highly dependent on weather, climate and water availability and is adversely affected by the weather and climate-related disasters. Droughts and natural disasters such as floods can result in crop failures, f
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Mannava V. K. Sivakumar Raymond P. Motha Haripada P. Das (Editors)
Natural Disasters and Extreme Events in Agriculture Impacts and Mitigation
With 93 Figures and 23 Tables
123
Dr. Mannava V. K. Sivakumar Agricultural Meteorology Division World Meteorological Organization 7 bis, Avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland Dr. Raymond P. Motha USDA/OCE/WAOB 1400 Independence Ave. SW Room 4441, South Building Washington DC 20250 USA Dr. Haripada P. Das Meteorological Office Division of Agricultural Meteorology Shivajinagar Pune 411005 India
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005921509
ISBN-10 3-540-22490-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-22490-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of this material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in The Netherlands The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Design: E. Kirchner, Heidelberg Production: Almas Schimmel Typesetting: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig, Germany Printing: Krips bv, Meppel Binding: Stürtz AG, Würzburg Printed on acid free paper 30/3141/as
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Foreword
Natural disasters cause heavy loss of life and property, forcing humankind to “learn to live” with these calamities. During the period 1992–2001, floods, droughts, tropical cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons, storm surges, landslides and wild fires and other weather- and climate-related calamities have killed over 622,000 people and affected over 2 billion people. For the same period, losses from natural disasters of hydrometeorological origin were estimated at US$ 446 billion, accounting for about 65% of damages due to all natural disasters. Natural disasters also affect socio-economic activities. Of these, agricultural production is highly dependent on weather, climate and water availability and is adversely affected by the weather- and climate-related disasters. Failure of rains and occurrences of natural disasters such as floods and tropical cyclones could lead to crop failures, flood insecurity, famine, loss of property and life, mass migration and decline in national economy. The growing concern with the possible impact of natural disasters and extreme events on agriculture and forestry has
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