Naturoceutical Agents in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease
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Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2002; 2 (3): 173-196 1175-3277/02/0003-0173/$25.00/0 © Adis International Limited. All rights reserved.
Naturoceutical Agents in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Denise D. Hermann Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Program, University of California at San Diego Medical Center, UCSD Healthcare, San Diego, California, USA
Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Who Uses Naturoceuticals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Should Naturoceuticals Be Considered Potential Drugs? . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Who Protects the Consumer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Naturoceuticals and Cardiovascular Care Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. What About Vitamins? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Are There Guidelines for the Use of Naturoceuticals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Naturoceuticals for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Vitamin E and β-Carotene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Related Events . . . 7.1.2 Vitamins and Secondary Cardiovascular Event Prevention . . . . . 7.2 Soy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Folic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Cholestin® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Other Naturoceuticals Used in Primary Cardiovascular Event Prevention 8. Naturoceuticals for the Treatment of Specific Cardiovascular Disorders . . . 8.1 Coenzyme Q10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Hawthorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Terminalia Arjuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Horse Chestnut Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Gingko Biloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Levocarnitine and Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Arginine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Naturoceutical-Drug Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Additional Information Sources Regarding Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Other Information Sources on Naturoceuticals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.A Plea for an Evidence-Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 Specific Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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