Negative refraction in the double quantum dot system
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Negative refraction in the double quantum dot system Hussein G. Al‑Toki1 · Amin Habbeb Al‑Khursan1 Received: 8 July 2020 / Accepted: 3 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This work proposes a double quantum dot (DQD) system, with a wetting layer (WL) is included, to study the negative refractive index (NRI) under the application of the electric fields: pump, probe, and fields between WL-QD state, in addition to the magnetic field. The density matrix theory is used to write the equation of motion and an orthogonalized plane wave is used between WL-QD states. The results show that the DQD system exhibit NRI ordinarily until with pump and probe signals, only, due to the manipulation between states. A high NRI corresponding to neglected absorption is obtained under applied electric fields between QD-QD, the conduction (CB) and valence bands (VB) WL-QD fields. It is shown that the main requirement in increasing NRI is the high electric gain connected with a low magnetic one. This can be obtained under five applied electric fields in addition to a high VB WL-QD electric field. Neglecting WL reduces NRI by ~ 16 times. In single QD, the NRI is very small compared with DQD. Keywords Negative refractive index · Double quantum dot · Wetting layer-quantum dot transition
1 Introduction The direct products of reaction with the electromagnetic wave are represented by two secondary recurrence information: the electrical permittivity (𝜀) and the magnetic permeability (𝜇) . It has been shown that material with both 𝜀 and 𝜇 < 0 will provide a negative refractive index (NRI). It is also critical that there would be overlapping negative permittivity and permeability values across a large range of detuning (Shelby et al. 2001; Padilla et al. 2006). In research published in 1968, Veselago predicted that electromagnetic plane waves in a medium possessing at the same time negative permeability and permittivity will propagate in the reverse direction to the one of electricity transfer (Veselago and Narimanov 2006; Veselago 1968; Smith et al. 2000). These negative refraction materials promise several applications, for example, the negative Goos-Hanchen shift enhancement of the evanescent wave (Berman 2002), enhancement of transitory waves, and centering * Amin Habbeb Al‑Khursan [email protected] 1
Nasiriya Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (NNRL), Science College, Thi-Qar University, Nasiriya, Iraq
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of subwavelength (Fang et al. 2016). More surprisingly, it might be necessary to build a “perfect lens” in which the diffraction maximum is not restricted by the usage of a negative refractive material slab. The ideal lens has a picture quality that does not subject to limitations of the normal wavelength diffraction range (Veselago et al. 2006). There have been several solutions to the development of NRI which are restricted to the artificial structures, such as metamaterials, photonic crystals, chiral
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