Neighborhood-aware Mobile Hub : An Edge Gateway with Leader Election Mechanism for Internet of Mobile Things
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Neighborhood-aware Mobile Hub : An Edge Gateway with Leader Election Mechanism for Internet of Mobile Things Marcelino Silva1 · Ariel Teles2 Markus Endler4
· Rafael Lopes1 · Francisco Silva1 · Davi Viana1 · Luciano Coutinho1 · Nishu Gupta3 ·
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of thousands of heterogeneous addressable smart objects (i.e., devices embedded with sensors and actuators) with Internet connectivity. Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT) is characterized by considering the mobility of smart objects. For managing smart objects, it is necessary to provide a middleware. Mobile Hub (M-Hub) is an IoT middleware that collects, processes and distributes data from a large number of smart objects on the edge of the network. M-Hub runs on mobile devices, enabling them to be gateways. It represents an autonomous entity, able to detect a set of objects available in the neighborhood and to monitor them independently of other M-Hubs. Hence, in some situations it may happen that a same object is eligible to be monitored by several M-Hubs. In this context, this paper proposes Neighborhoodaware M-Hub (NAM-Hub), a leader election mechanism integrated to the M-Hub to determine a suitable gateway for each smart object discovered opportunistically. It considers context data gathered from the mobile device to dynamically elect leaders (i.e., a leader and a sub-leader). The proposed solution contributes to take advantage from the resources provided for the mobile gateway and avoids their wastage. The proposed leader election mechanism was tested and evaluated considering its performance and the results were promising, with short detection time and recovery time in the system. Keywords Internet of mobile things · Middleware · Leader election · Mobile smart objects
1 Introduction Internet of Things (IoT) can be defined as the interaction of technologies from different areas, such as ubiquitous computing, context awareness, communication protocols and technologies and computing devices with embedded sensors and actuators, also known as smart objects [8]. The interconnection of thousands of heterogeneous addressable objects with network connectivity allows them to collect and share data about the environment where they are located. These objects can be used to provide services in a variety of contexts [7, 27], such as public and
Ariel Teles
[email protected] 1
Federal University of Maranh˜ao, MA, Brazil
2
Federal Institute of Maranh˜ao, MA, Brazil
3
Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Warangal, India
4
Pontif´ıcia Universidade Cat´olica do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
private transportation management, power management and consumption, healthcare, public spaces for entertainment and social activities. Due to memory and processing constraints, some smart objects do not have connectivity to medium and long range networks. They do not implement a Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stack. As a result, they cannot acce
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