Nephrocytes are part of the spectrum of filtration epithelial diversity
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Nephrocytes are part of the spectrum of filtration epithelial diversity Takayuki Miyaki1 · Yuto Kawasaki1 · Akira Matsumoto2 · Soichiro Kakuta3 · Tatsuo Sakai1 · Koichiro Ichimura1,3 Received: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 / Published online: 16 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The excretory system produces urine by ultrafiltration via a filtration epithelium. Podocytes are widely found as filtration epithelial cells in eucoelomates. In some animal taxa, including insects and crustaceans, nephrocytes serve to separate toxic substances from the body fluid, in addition to podocytes. Drosophila nephrocytes have been recently utilized as a model system to study podocyte function and disease. However, functionality and cellular architecture are strikingly different between Drosophila nephrocytes and eucoelomate podocytes, and the phylogenetic relationship between these cells remains enigmatic. In this study, using focused-ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) tomography, we revealed threedimensional architecture of decapod nephrocytes with unprecedented accuracy—they filled an enormous gap, which can be called “missing link,” in the evolutionary diversity of podocytes and nephrocytes. Thus, we concluded that nephrocytes are part of the spectrum of filtration epithelial diversity in animal phylogeny. Keywords 3D ultrastructure · Podocytes · Nephrocytes · Decapod · FIB-SEM tomography
Introduction The excretory system plays an important role in the homeostatic regulation of body fluid in multicellular animals (Andrikou et al. 2019; Evans 2008). This organ system initially generates primary urine by filtration of body fluid through a filtration epithelium. The primary urine is subsequently modified by the secretory and absorptive functions in the modulating tubule and excreted as terminal urine (Supplementary Fig. S1) (Ichimura and Sakai 2017; Ruppert et al. 2003). Eucoelomates, which have the coelom or coelomic sac laying the mesothelium, develop part of the mesothelium into the filtration epithelium composed by podocytes (Ruppert and Smith 1988). Primary urine excluded into the coelomic lumen via the podocyte-based filtration epithelium * Koichiro Ichimura [email protected] 1
Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
2
Department of Biology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
3
Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Center for Biomedical Research Resources, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
enters into the nephridium, i.e., a modulating tubule opening to the coelomic cavity (Supplementary Fig. S1). In vertebrates, the Bowman’s capsule, which contains the podocyte-based filtration epithelium, can be regarded as a micro-coelomic sac newly formed in the mesonephric and metanephric kidneys (Ichimura and Sakai 2018; Ruppert 1994) (Supplementary Fig. S1). Podocytes exhibit an efficient structure dedicated to the filtration of body flui
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