Neural cultural fit: non-social and social flanker task N2s and well-being in Canada
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Neural cultural fit: non‑social and social flanker task N2s and well‑being in Canada Matthew Joseph Russell1,2,3 · Liman Man Wai Li4 · Hajin Lee2 · Anthony Singhal2,5 · Takahiko Masuda2 Accepted: 6 November 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Research has noted well-being benefits to having a cultural fit between a person and the environment. The more a person fits the environment, the greater their reported well-being. We tested if cultural fit is also seen with neural patterns, which we term neural cultural fit. To address this question, we measured European Canadian (EC) and East Asian (EA) electroencephalography data during non-social (switches) and social (face emotions) flanker tasks. Participants were asked to categorize center switches (up–down) and faces (happy–sad) that were surrounded by other switches or faces. The flanker tasks involved congruent lineups, which showed the same directions or emotions between center and surrounding stimuli, and incongruent lineups, with different directions or emotions between center and surrounding stimuli. As the target neural measure, we calculated N2 event related potentials. Larger N2s to incongruent than congruent lineups suggest more conflict to incongruent lineups. We found larger N2s to incongruent than congruent lineups for EAs, as compared to ECs, replicating previous findings showing more context sensitivity for EAs. We also found evidence of neural cultural fit, with individuals with more difference from N2 neural pattern averages set by ECs in Canada in the social task, reporting less well-being. Cultural fit was also observed with social orientation beliefs, but did not explain neural cultural fit. These findings are important as they suggests that cultural fit depends not only on the subjective experience of what we believe (e.g., selfreports), but also on the objective experience of how we think (e.g., neural patterns). Keywords Cultural fit · N2 and N200 · Non-social versus social · Flanker · Cultural neuroscience · Well-being
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s4016 7-019-00089-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Matthew Joseph Russell [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Introduction As social creatures, humans thrive through their relationships with other people (Cohen and Wills 1985; Kaplan et al. 1977; Woolcock and Narayan 2000). Some argue that social relationships are so important that the human brain evolved to understand others (e.g., Dunbar and Shultz 2007; Powell et al. 2010). We even find evidence of neural pathways that have developed to be sensitive to not fitting in with others in our social surroundings (e.g., Eisenberger and Lieberman 2004). This sensitivity to fitting in with others has implications on our health, with a lack of fit between individuals and surrounding social envir
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