Neural substrates of acupuncture in the modulation of cravings induced by smoking-related visual cues: an FMRI study
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ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Neural substrates of acupuncture in the modulation of cravings induced by smoking-related visual cues: an FMRI study O-Seok Kang & Song-Yi Kim & Geon-Ho Jahng & Hackjin Kim & Jong-Woo Kim & Sun-Yong Chung & Jun-Won Kim & Seung-In Yang & Hi-Joon Park & Hyejung Lee & Younbyoung Chae
Received: 4 April 2012 / Accepted: 1 February 2013 / Published online: 28 February 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Rationale Cue reactivity is a key factor in modulating motivational and goal-directed behaviors associated with compulsive drug intake and relapse. Smoking-associated cues produce smoking urges and cravings and are accompanied by the activation of brain regions involved in attention, motivation, and reward. Objectives We investigated whether acupuncture ameliorates cravings induced by smoking-related visual cues, and we explored the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of acupuncture on modulating smoking urges. Methods After 36 h of smoking abstinence, 25 right-handed male smokers underwent fMRI, during which smokingrelated and neutral visual cues were presented. Twelve subjects were treated with real acupuncture (RA) at HT7 and 13 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. O.-S. Kang : S.-Y. Kim : J.-W. Kim : S.-I. Yang : H.-J. Park : H. Lee : Y. Chae (*) Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected] G.-H. Jahng Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea H. Kim : Y. Chae Department of Brain Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea J.-W. Kim : S.-Y. Chung Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
subjects received sham acupuncture (SA). During the scanning sessions, craving scores to smoking-related visual cues were assessed before and after RA or SA treatment. The differences in brain responses to smoking vs. neutral cues after treatment between the RA and SA groups were detected using three-way ANOVAs (Cue × Session × Group). Results After treatment, the craving scores were significantly decreased in the RA group, as compared to the SA group. When we explored the neural substrates of acupuncture on the modulation of cravings induced by smoking cues, significant differences were found in the medial prefrontal cortex, the premotor cortex, the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the thalamus. Conclusions These findings suggest that acupuncture alleviates cue-induced cravings through the regulation of activity in brain regions involved in attention, motivation, and reward relative to craving scores in the initial abstinence phase. Keywords Acupuncture . Addiction . Cue reactivity . FMRI . Smoking
Introduction The cue-reactivity paradigm is one of the most pr
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