New concepts in thermodynamics applied to materials in industry
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New Concepts in Thermodynamics Applied to Materials in Industry
C. CRUSSARD
The modern thermodynamics of irreversible process applies to various kinds of " o p e n " systems, including biological individuals or social groups. The purpose of the present conference is to study how far it can apply to industrial firms producing goods. Firms of this kind are systems with in-going fluxes of raw materials, energy and informations, and out-going fluxes of products and rejects (of matter or of energy). We will concentrate our attention on the thermodynamical evolution of materials. Physically speaking, their thermodynamic potential (or their "phlogistic", to use a word which was fashionable in the eighteenth century), first increases, then decreases slowly. But in a more general sense, one should also include negentropy or information, according to the well known equivalence due to Szilard and L6on Brillouin. A tentative analysis is made of the evolution of the thermodynamical information in such industrial firms. Present limitations are described, and examples of possible applications of these new concepts of thermodynamics.
in the sense understood by thermodynamicists, and which needs no explanation here. This is because it
exchanges matter, energy, information and money with its economic environment. Its functioning constitutes an irreversible process, one in which the fluxes involved are always in one direction. Now, irreversible processes are by nature
C H A R L E S CRUSSARD graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France, in 1937 and from the Paris School of Mines in 1941. He earned his Ph.D. in 1963, specializing in the areas of creep of materials, experiments and theory. His career has been devoted to research on metals and materials. In 1943 he founded the Metallurgical Research Center at the Paris School of Mines, which he directed until 1952. From 1948 to 1952, he was professor of General Metallurgy at the same school. He then went to the French Iron and Steel Research Institute (IRSID), where he was Director of Research from 1952-63. In 1963 he joined Pechiney C o m p a n y as Scientific Director, a position which he maintained when this company merged with two others to constitute Pechiney Ugine
Kuhlmann. Still Scientific Adviser there, he retired from his Directorship in 1979. His works, which include over 170 published papers, have been devoted to physical metallurgy and to materials science. He has been president of the Soci6t6 Franqaise de M6tallurgie, of the International Deep Drawing Research Group, and is a member of the French National Corps of Mines. A m o n g his distinguished international awards and honors are the following: Doctor Honoris Causa University Leoben (Austria), R e a u m u r Medal Socidt6 Francaise de M6taUurgie, Fellow of ASM, Trasenster Medal (Liege, Belgium), Platinum Medal of Metals Society (Great Britain), and Associate Member of the National Academy of Engineering.
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N
ANYindustrial concern constitutes an open system
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTION
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