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NEW METHODS OF THOUGHT AND PROCEDURE Edited by

F. Zwicky and A. G. Wilson Contributions to the Symposium on

METHODOLOGIES

Sponsored by the Office for Industrial Associates of the California Institute of Technology and the Society for Morphological Research Pasadena, California, May 22-24,1967

ISBN-13: 978-3-642-87619-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-87617-2 DOl: 10.lO07/978-3-642-87617-2

© 1967 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition1967

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-31398 The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Title No. 1479

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

BELLMAN, RICHARD, Departments of Mathematics, Engineering and Medicine, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California ERNST, MARTIN L., Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts FLAGLE, CHARLES, Department of Public Health Administration, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland GILLETTE, DEAN, Transmission Systems Engineering Division, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, New Jersey KALABA, ROBERT, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California LUCKY, R. W., Data Theory Department, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, New Jersey MORGENSTERN, OSKAR, Department of Economics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey PAGE, THORNTON, Department of Astronomy, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut PIERCE, JOHN R., Research Communications Sciences Division, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey SHAPLEY, LLOYD S., The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California SHEA, JOSEPH F., Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts

v

SHUBIK, MARTIN, Economic Growth Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut WILSON, ALBERT G., Advanced Research Laboratories, Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., Huntington Beach, California ZWICKY, FRITZ, Department of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

VI

Table of Contents LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

V

PROLOGUE

1

SECTION I

OPERATIONS RESEARCH

S

Chapter 1

The Nature of Operations Research and its Beginnings Thornton Page

7

Chapter 2

A Decade of Operations Research in Health Charles Flagle

33

Chapter 3

Operations Research Applied to City Planning Martin Ernst

46

SECTION II

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

71

Chapter 1

Systems Engineering-Planning Dean Gillette

73

Chapter 2

Systems Engineering-Implementation Joseph F. Shea

8S

DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

97

Chapter 1

Dynamic Programming: A Reluctant Theory Richard Bellman

99

Chapter 2

Dynamic Programming's Progeny Robert Kalaba

123

SECTION III

VII

SECTION IV

INFORMATION THEORY

133

Chapter 1

A Survey of Information Theory John R. Pierce

135

Chapter 2

Information Theory and Modern Digital Communication R. W. Lucky

163

GAME THE