Newton and Newtonianism New Studies

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´ ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D’HISTOIRE DES IDEES INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

188

NEWTON AND NEWTONIANISM New Studies Edited by

JAMES E. FORCE and

SARAH HUTTON

Founding Directors: P. Dibon† (Paris) and R.H. Popkin (Washington University, St. Louis & UCLA) Director: Sarah Hutton (Middlesex University, United Kingdom) Associate-Directors: J.E. Force (Lexington); J.C. Laursen (Riverside) Editorial Board: M.J.B. Allen (Los Angeles); J.R. Armogathe (Paris); A. Gabbey (New York); T. Gregory (Rome); J. Henry (Edinburgh); J.D. North (Oxford); J. Popkin (Lexington); G.A.J. Rogers (Keele); Th. Verbeek (Utrecht)

NEWTON AND NEWTONIANISM New Studies edited by

JAMES E. FORCE University of Kentucky, Lexington, U.S.A. and

SARAH HUTTON Middlesex University, United Kingdom

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:

1-4020-2238-7 1-4020-1969-6

©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved

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CONTENTS

PREFACE —James E. Force and Sarah Hutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

INTRODUCTION —Margaret C. Jacob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix

ESSAY 1 / “The New Newtonian Scholarship and the Fate of the Scientific Revolution” —Margaret J. Osler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

01

ESSAY 2 / “Plans for Publishing Newton’s Religious and Alchemical Manuscripts, 1982–1998” —Richard H. Popkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

ESSAY 3 / “Digitizing Isaac: The Newton Project and an Electronic Edition of Newton’s Papers” —Rob Iliffe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

ESSAY 4 / “Was Newton a Voluntarist?” —Peter Harrison . . . . . . . . . . .

39

ESSAY 5 / “Providence and Newton’s Pantokrator: Natural Law, Miracles, and Newtonian Science” —James E. Force . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

ESSAY 6 / “Eighteenth-Century Reactions to Newton’s Anti-Trinitarianism” —Scott Mandelbrote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

ESSAY 7 / “Prosecuting Athanasius: Protestant Forensics and the Mirrors of Persecution” —Rob Iliffe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 ESSAY 8 / “Lust, Pride, and Ambition: Isaac Newton and the Devil” —Stephen D. Snobelen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 ESSAY 9 / “Women, Science, and Newtonianism: Emilie du Chˆatelet versus Francesco Algarotti” —Sarah Hutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 ESSAY 10 / “Reflections on Newton’s Alchemy in Light of the New Historiography of Alchemy” —Lawrence M. Principe . . . . . .