No Asylum State Psychiatric Repression in the Former USSR
No Asylum is a quantitative assessment of the incidence of state repression via the peculiar institution of forced psychiatric hospitalization of evidently healthy Soviet dissidents. The book explains who was targeted and why, as the State used psychiatry
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Also by Theresa C. Smith
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POLITICAL JUSTICE IN THE USSR: Lithuania
No Asylum State Psychiatric Repression in the Former USSR
Theresa C. Smith Mankato-Minnesota State University
in collaboration with
Thomas A. Oleszczuk Stern School of Business New York University
© Theresa C. Smith and Thomas A. Oleszczuk 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W 1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1996 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world
ISBN 978-1-349-13557-8 DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-13555-4
ISBN 978-1-349-13555-4 (eBook)
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 05 04
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To all the ships at sea.... and one capsized sailboat
Since then [1971], the Western press has carried one report after another about the use in the USSR of 'psychiatric terror against dissidents,' and various made-up numbers and new names - Plyushch, Vaikhanskaya, Fainberg and many others- have kept on surfacing. M. Ye. Vartanyan, quoted in A. Novikov, 1987
vi
Contents viii
List of Figures List of Tables
lX
Acknowledgements
x
1 Political Hospitalization: Conception, Conceptualization and Conduct
1
2 Characteristics of the Evidence: The Database of Psychiatric Hospital Detainees
44
3 Four Explanations of the Political Use of Psychiatry
65
4 Who Are the Dissident Detainees? Some Observations and Descriptive Statistics
74
5 Trends, Changes with Administration and Spatial Dispersion
92
6 The Risk of Psychiatric Detention, Demographic Variables and Deterrence of Dissent
122
7 Legal and Political Developments in the Gorbachev and Yeltsin Administrations and After
146
8 Summary of Empirical Findings and Conclusions
173
Appendixes
Table A1: Articles Used in Soviet Dissidents' Trials: RSFSR Code of Criminal Law
201
Table A2: Comparison of RSFSR Major Criminal Code Articles Used against Dissidents with Comparable Articles in the Criminal Codes of the Union Republics
203
Table A3: Five Lists of Confirmed Cases of Soviet Psychiatric Detainees
205
Notes
238
References
260
General Index
279
Index of Laws, Decrees, Administrative Instructions
290
vii
List of Figures All New Hospitalizations New Court-Ordered Forcible Hospitalizatio
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