Noble Crayfish Are More Sensitive to Terbuthylazine than Parthenogenetic Marbled Crayfish
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Noble Crayfish Are More Sensitive to Terbuthylazine than Parthenogenetic Marbled Crayfish Jan Laurenz & Lena Lietz & Heinz Brendelberger & Kai Lehmann & Arne Georg
Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 / Published online: 11 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract We investigated the sensitivity of two freshwater crayfish species (Astacus astacus and Procambarus virginalis) during embryonic development to chronic exposure to the herbicide terbuthylazine under laboratory conditions. The assessed parameters included time of embryonic development, survival rate, hatching weight and histopathology of hepatopancreas. LC50 (median lethal concentration) and ED50 (median effective concentration) were estimated. We were able to determine effects of terbuthylazine for every investigated parameter. For noble crayfish, the LC50 value after 45 days was 0.11 mg/L, and the histology of the hepatopancreas showed effects starting from 0.025 mg/L. Other parameters revealed effects starting at concentrations of 1.6 mg/L for weight and 6.4 mg /L for embryonic development time and hatching rate. Marbled crayfish only showed effects concerning the hatching rate and survival rate at concentrations without a clear doseeffects curve. As a conclusion, our data shows the risk of terbuthylazine in existing concentrations in freshwater ecosystems to non-target organisms and also the need of toxicological studies on directly affected species in addition to the use of model organisms.
Keywords Marbled crayfish . Noble crayfish . Juveniles . Terbuthylazine . Embryonic J. Laurenz (*) : L. Lietz : H. Brendelberger : K. Lehmann : A. Georg Limnology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
1 Introduction Terbuthylazine (TBA) is a chlorotriazine used worldwide as a pre-emergence herbicide in corn farming. This leads to peaks of TBA concentrations in natural water bodies during March and April. Its use is of emerging concern because of its persistence, toxicity and proven endocrine disruption in wildlife and humans (Tasca et al. 2019). It is also one of the most frequently detected pesticides in natural waters (Herrero-Hernández et al. 2017). Concentrations of more than 34.0 μg/L have been found in European freshwater bodies (Stepanova et al. 2012). Despite its prevalence in European ecosystems, little is known about the effects of this pollutant on most freshwater invertebrate species. Freshwater crayfish affect nearly every trophic level of their habitat and influence their structural environment due to their burrowing activity. Therefore, these largest invertebrates of freshwater bodies are called “keystone species” and “ecosystem engineers” (Weinländer and Füreder 2016). Due to decreasing populations, the habitat directive protects all native freshwater crayfish species in Europe (European Communities 1992). Nevertheless, these species are highly endangered. Invasive species, the crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci), structural stress and chemical loads cause pop
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