Non-Renewable Resource Issues Geoscientific and Societal Challenges
All the solid fuels fossil energy and mineral commodities we use come out of the Earth. Modern society is increasingly dependent on mineral and fossil energy sources. They differ in availability, cost of production, and geographical distribution. Even if
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International Year of Planet Earth Series Editors: Eduardo F.J. de Mulder Executive Director International Secretariat International Year of Planet Earth Edward Derbyshire Goodwill Ambassador International Year of Planet Earth
The book series is dedicated to the United Nations International Year of Planet Earth. The aim of the Year is to raise worldwide public and political awareness of the vast (but often under-used) potential of Earth sciences for improving the quality of life and safeguarding the planet. Geoscientific knowledge can save lives and protect property if threatened by natural disasters. Such knowledge is also needed to sustainably satisfy the growing need for Earth’s resources by more people. Earth scientists are ready to contribute to a safer, healthier and more prosperous society. IYPE aims to develop a new generation of such experts to find new resources and to develop land more sustainably.
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8096
Richard Sinding-Larsen Friedrich-W. Wellmer Editors
Non-Renewable Resource Issues Geoscientific and Societal Challenges
Editors Richard Sinding-Larsen Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
Friedrich-W. Wellmer Formerly Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) Neue Sachlichkeit 32, Hannover Germany
ISBN 978-90-481-8678-5 ISBN 978-90-481-8679-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8679-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2012933152 All Rights Reserved for Chapter 12 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this
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