Nonisothermal melt and cold crystallization kinetics of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/carbon black
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duardo L. Canedo Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba 58429-140, Brazil; and Pernambuco Institute of Technology, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-521, Brazil (Received 23 May 2015; accepted 25 January 2016)
Three classical methods (Pseudo-Avrami, Ozawa, and Mo models) were used to correlate nonisothermal melt and cold crystallization kinetics data of neat poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and PHB/carbon black compounds, measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The applicability of the three models was tested comparing model predictions with experimental data. Results suggest that Pseudo-Avrami model fits the experimental data well. Ozawa model does not fit data well, as verified by the large uncertainties and unphysical values of the fitting parameters. Mo model may be considered adequate if moderately deviations could be tolerated. Datasets of all compositions are included as the Supplementary Information.
I. INTRODUCTION
Biodegradable polymers have attracted more and more interests, since they seem to be good alternatives to petroleum-based polymers, and may be derived from renewable agricultural resources, being easily composted into water and carbon dioxide. Among biodegradable polymers poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) plays a special role due its several advantages, its mechanical properties are comparable to those of conventional plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which makes PHB a good candidate to replace the nondegradable conventional plastics in the application of packaging, mulching film, shopping and trash bags, and disposable food containers.1–6 PHB is a biocompatible thermoplastic, nowadays it has been used at health care industries as drug releases, prosthesis, and threads for suture. However its low crystallization rate, thermal instability during processing, and easiness to degradation seems to it as a treacherous mechanism attacking its properties, thus precluding the desirable application. An additive which imparts thermal stability and microstructure controls without damaging other characteristics would be very welcome to PHB.7–10 Carbon black (CB) is virtually pure elemental carbon in the form of colloidal particles, it is the predominant
Contributing Editor: Susan B. Sinnott a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2016.68 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 31, No. 6, Mar 28, 2016
reinforcing filler used in rubber compounds, which are required to impart the necessary durability and strength to these products for longer lifetime and greatly improved performance. Application of CB as an antistatic and ultraviolet stabilization agent has provided uses as an additive for fuel caps, pipes for automobiles, and house devices. It is used often in the aerospace industry in elastomers for aircraft vibration control components such as engine mounts. CB is commonly used in many molded and extruded industrial rubber products, such as belts, hoses, gaskets, diaphragms, vibration isolation devices, bushings,
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