Noradrenergic tone mediates marble burying behavior after chronic stress and ethanol
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ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Noradrenergic tone mediates marble burying behavior after chronic stress and ethanol Carolina R. den Hartog 1 & Katrina L. Blandino 1 & McKenzie L. Nash 1 & Emily R. Sjogren 1 & Michael A. Grampetro 1 & David E. Moorman 2 & Elena M. Vazey 1 Received: 5 February 2020 / Accepted: 11 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Rationale Stress plays a major role in the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD)—a history of chronic stress contributes to alcohol misuse, and withdrawal from alcohol elevates stress, perpetuating cycles of problematic drinking. Recent studies have shown that, in male mice, repeated chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) and stress elevates alcohol use above either manipulation alone and impacts cognitive functions such as behavioral flexibility. Objective Here, we investigated the impact of CIE and stress on anxiety in both sexes, and whether the norepinephrine (NE) system via locus coeruleus, which is implicated in both stress and alcohol motivation, is involved. Results Male and female mice received multiple cycles of CIE and/or repeated forced swim stress (FSS), producing elevated drinking in both sexes. CIE/FSS treatment increased anxiety, which was blocked by treatment with the α1-AR inverse agonist prazosin. In contrast, administration of the corticotropin releasing factor receptor antagonist CP376395 into locus coeruleus did not reduce CIE/FSS-elevated anxiety. We also observed sex differences in behavioral responses to a history of CIE or FSS alone as well as differential behavioral consequences of prazosin treatment. Conclusions These data indicate that NE contributes to the development of anxiety following a history of alcohol and/or stress, and that the influence of both treatment history and NE signaling is sex dependent. These results argue for further investigation of the NE system in relation to disrupted behavior following chronic alcohol and stress, and support the assertion that treatments may differ across sex based on differential neural system engagement. Keywords Locus coeruleus . Prazosin . CRF . Anxiety . Alcohol . Sex differences . Noradrenaline
Introduction Alcohol use disorder (AUD), characterized by excessive and uncontrollable drinking, is one of the leading global causes of disease burden (Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators 2018). Stress plays a critical role in the progression from initial alcohol use to dependence and loss of control over drinking (Becker et al. 2011; Breese et al. 2011). Individual stress sensitivity can augment the rewarding properties of alcohol that may increase motivation to drink (Blaine et al. 2016).
* Elena M. Vazey [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
2
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Neuroadaptations caused by chronic alcohol underlie the development of tolerance and dependence and are associated the negative
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