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Novel approach for the utilization of ionic liquid‑based cellulose derivative biosourced polymer electrolytes in safe sodium‑ion batteries Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani1,3   · Masita Mohammad1 · Mohd Sukor Sua’it1 · Azizan Ahmad2 · Nor Sabirin Mohamed3 Received: 14 June 2020 / Revised: 16 August 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derived from kenaf bast fiber complexed with sodium acetate and integrated with ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [Bmim]Cl, was investigated as potential biosourced polymer electrolyte. The highest ionic conductivity of (4.54 ± 1.2) × 10−3  S  cm−1 was obtained after introducing 30  wt% [Bmim]Cl with respect to the weight of CMC. Infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed the interaction of the polymer host with the sodium salt and ionic liquid. Ion transport analysis showed that charge transport in the biopolymer electrolyte system occurred predominately with ion and sodium ion transference numbers of 0.129. Linear sweep voltammetry result showed that electrochemical stability reached ~ 2.9 V, showing that the biopolymer electrolyte is suitable for practical application in electrochemical devices. Sodium battery configurations of Na/CH3COONa-30 wt% [Bmim]Cl/I2 + C + electrolyte were fabricated and demonstrated an initial discharge capacity of 1.5 mAh for 200 h with 1.6 V open circuit potential. Keywords  Battery · Biosources · Cellulose · Electrochemical · Energy storage

Introduction Over the past decades, energy storage has become a global concern as a result of skyrocketing energy demands and the growing understanding of the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels. A strong call for alternative energy sources has been initiated worldwide to address these problems. The increasing use of renewable * Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani [email protected] * Masita Mohammad [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article

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Polymer Bulletin

energy sources (wind, solar, etc.) is facing several crucial challenges including modulating variable renewable resources from time to time, integrating them into the grid smoothly and balancing electricity generation and demand in peak and off-peak periods [1–4]. The exploration of energy storage technologies especially battery technology for large-scale storage is essential and could be a solution to these global concerns [5]. The most common type of rechargeable batteries found in almost all portable electronic devices is the lithium-ion battery (LIB). Li-based electrochemistry has several merits such as small ionic radius size (allows rapid diffusion in solids), low redox potential versus the standard hydrogen electrode, and facilitation of high cell voltage, high energy density and low weight (enables the use of high-specific energy devices) [6–10]. Aside from these properties, LIBs have a long cycle life and rate capability, making this technology dominate the portable electron