Novel architectures of boron
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Novel architectures of boron Tatyana N. Gribanova 1 & Ruslan M. Minyaev 1
&
Vladimir I. Minkin 1 & Alexander I. Boldyrev 2
Received: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The review presents results of the recent studies of non-typical forms of boron derivatives, including flat hexagonal boron, boron fullerenes, supertetrahedral boron, and superoctahedral boron. The approaches to the design of these systems based on combination of stable structural units, as well as methods aimed at compensating the electronic deficit of non-standard boron structures are analyzed. Keywords Boron clusters . Boron fullerenes . Boron sheets . Supertetrahedral boron . Superoctahedral boron
Introduction One of the actual trends of modern studies is the search and design of new materials with controlled desired properties (hardness, ductility, electrical and magnetic conductivity, etc.) that are of interest to science and may have promising technological applications [1]. Metal-containing materials are gradually replaced by lighter compositions with a reduced metal content or even completely without it [2, 3]. In this respect, extremely promising objects may be diverse new structural types of boron derivatives and they are presently under intensive study [4–9]. Due to their high thermal and chemical stability, boron compounds are considered as an ideal base for the development of new generation materials exhibiting mechanical strength, electrical, and magnetic properties. The ability of boron to form numerous bonded configurations facilitates development of the variety of structural modifications with desired physicochemical characteristics. Occupying a place between metals and non-metals in the periodic system, boron has the ability to combine with many other elements and, depending on the nature of heteroatoms, can exhibit various unusual properties in its compounds.
* Ruslan M. Minyaev [email protected] 1
Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., Rostov on Don, Russian Federation 344090
2
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
Differing from carbon by only one electron, electrondeficient boron tends to form structures with multicenter interactions and branched network of bonds, which determines the difference between the structural types of boron compounds in comparison with carbon ones. Boron has no tendency to form carbon-like systems: hexagonal lattice, fullerenes, and extended chains.
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The simplest building unit of boron derivatives is the triangular motif B3 1, stabilized by a multicenter bonding [10–12]. Bulk boron in the solid phase is characterized by the presence of interconnected icosahedral B12 units 2 [13–15]. The structure of individual boron clusters Bn is determined by the size of the system: clusters up to n = 20 have a planar or quasiplanar 2D structures like 3 [16, 17], and with an increase in the cluster
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