Nutritional evaluation of autoclaved Salicornia bigelovii Torr. seed meal supplemented with varying levels of cholestero
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Nutritional evaluation of autoclaved Salicornia bigelovii Torr. seed meal supplemented with varying levels of cholesterol on growth, nutrient utilization and survival of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) M. G. Rı´os-Dura´n • I. R. Valencia • L. G. Ross • C. A. Martı´nez-Palacios
Received: 11 June 2012 / Accepted: 20 March 2013 / Published online: 12 April 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Abstract A 7-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal by autoclaved Salicornia bigelovii seed meal (SSM), supplemented with varying cholesterol levels, on feed intake, growth performance, body composition and survival of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings under laboratory conditions. SSM was tested at different inclusion levels (0, 25, 50 and 65 % of total protein), using different levels of cholesterol supplementation (0, 1, 2 and 2.6 %) in isonitrogenous (420 g Kg-1 DM crude protein) and isocaloric (18.52 MJ Kg-1 DM) fish meal–Soybean meal-based diets. Triplicate groups of fish (374 ± 15 mg, initial fresh body weight) were randomly stocked in 18 20-L plastic tanks at a stocking density of 20 fish per tank and were fed to satiation by hand five times a day, 7 days per week. Feed intake, growth performance and survival were significantly affected by the SSM inclusion level and the cholesterol supplementation. The lower growth performance of fish fed diets containing SSM without cholesterol is thought to result from the presence of saponins in the meal. When cholesterol is added, the saponininduced toxicity is ameliorated, which is evident from growth and survival responses, up to 50 % of SSM protein inclusion. At the highest level of SSM inclusion (65 %), growth and survival were very poor, despite the addition of cholesterol. The results of the present work suggest that autoclaved SSM can partially substitute fish protein in diets for O. niloticus fingerlings at levels up to 50 % of the dietary protein if 2 % cholesterol is added in fish meal–SBM-based diets. Keywords Autoclaved Salicornia bigelovii seed meal Cholesterol Fish meal Soybean meal Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings Saponins
M. G. Rı´os-Dura´n I. R. Valencia C. A. Martı´nez-Palacios (&) Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Campus San Juanito, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicola´s de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Av. San Juanito Itzicuaro s/n Col. San Juanito Itzicuaro, C.P. 58330 Morelia, Michoaca´n, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] L. G. Ross Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
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Aquacult Int (2013) 21:1355–1371
Abbreviations ANFs Anti nutritional factors DM Dry matter DWG Daily weight gain FCR Feed conversion ratio FI Feed intake NFE Nitrogen free extract NRC National Research Council PC Protein consumption PER Protein efficiency ratio PPV Protein productive value SBM Soybean meal SGR Specific growth rate SSM Autoclaved Salicornia bigelovii seed meal WG Weight gain WM Wet matter
Introduction Fish meal has been used widely in a
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