Occurrence and transmission of flu-like illness among neighboring bonobo groups at Wamba
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Occurrence and transmission of flu‑like illness among neighboring bonobo groups at Wamba Heungjin Ryu1,2 · David A. Hill3 · Tetsuya Sakamaki1,4 · Cintia Garai1,5 · Nahoko Tokuyama1,3 · Takeshi Furuichi1 Received: 10 October 2019 / Accepted: 29 May 2020 © Japan Monkey Centre and Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Infectious diseases constitute one of the major threats to African great apes. Bonobos (Pan paniscus) may be particularly vulnerable to the transmission of infectious diseases because of their cohesive grouping and frequent social and sexual interactions between groups. Here we report two cases of a flu-like illness and possible transmission of the illness among neighboring wild bonobo groups at Wamba, DR Congo. The first flu-like outbreak started in the PE group on July 28, 2013, 2 days after they had encounters with the BI and PW groups. All PE members, except for one infant, subsequently developed flu-like symptoms, including coughing and running nose. The second flu-like outbreak occurred in the E1 group on October 14, 2013, after E1 had encountered the PE group and the two groups stayed together from October 7 to 11. Eleven out of the 15 observed party members developed symptoms over the next 4 days. The pathogens underlying the two outbreaks may have been related as two temporary immigrant females, who had previously shown symptoms while in the PE group, stayed briefly in the E1 group during the second outbreak, but did not show any symptoms. Keywords Flu-like illness · Bonobos · African great apes · Intergroup interactions · Disease transmission · Wamba
Introduction Group living has positive and negative consequences (benefits and costs) for animals in the group (Chapman and Valenta 2015; Markham and Gesquiere 2017). For example, individuals in groups can benefit from increased Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-020-00832-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Heungjin Ryu ryu.heungjin.26v@kyoto‑u.jp 1
Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, Kanrin 41‑2 Inuyama, Aichi 484‑8506, Japan
2
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-Gil 50, Eonyang‑eup, Ulju‑gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
3
Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, 2‑24 Tanaka‑Sekiden‑cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606‑8203, Japan
4
The Antwerp Zoo Foundation of the VZW Royal Zoological Society Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 26, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
5
Wildlife Messengers, 5645 Hard Rock Place, Richmond, VA 23230, USA
foraging efficiency (Elgar and Catterall 1982; McInnes et al. 2017) and reduced predation risk (Hill and Lee 1998). On the other hand, individuals in groups may also incur costs from increased competition for feeding (Majolo et al. 2008) and mating (Clutton-Brock and Huchard 2013), as well as increased risk of disease transmission (Alexander 1974; Daviews et al. 1991). Infectious diseases can have serious impacts on wildlife populat
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