Ocean Responses to Typhoon Soulik (1819) around Korea
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Note pISSN 1738-5261 eISSN 2005-7172
Ocean Responses to Typhoon Soulik (1819) around Korea KiRyong Kang*, Hyeong Jun Jo, and YoonJae Kim Earth System Research Division, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences/KMA, Jeju 63568, Korea Received 15 October 2019; Revised 1 June 2020; Accepted 28 June 2020 © KSO, KIOST and Springer 2020
Abstract − We investigated the ocean responses to typhoon Soulik (1819) when it was approaching and landing on the Korean peninsula in August, 2018. During the typhoon passage period, very severe sea surface conditions were recorded such as 15 m of maximum wave height and 35 m/s in gusts, and a 10°C water temperature decrease at the buoy station near Jeju Island. The operational storm surge prediction system of the Korea Meteorological Administration estimated over 50 cm of positive surge near the typhoon center in the approaching stage, and after the typhoon passed, a negative (reverse) storm surge lower than 30 cm was shown off the southern sea of Jeju Island, revealing a cyclonic circulation pattern of the surface water from the satellite altimeter data. According to one-day cycling Argo float observations near the landfall area in the Yellow Sea, temperature and salinity profiles during the typhoon activity showed a sudden deepening of the thermocline and halocline, and then up and down fluctuations between 30–50 m in depth. The temperature decreased by about 2°C in the surface layer and the thermocline layer was deepened by about 10 m from 30 to 40 m in depth while the typhoon was exerting its influence. Salinity in the surface layer showed a sudden change before and after the typhoon, revealing an increase and decrease in 0−15 m and a decrease and increase below 20 m in depth, and the halocline manifested a similar pattern of variation as the thermocline. Keywords − ocean responses, typhoon Soulik (1819), negative storm surge, Argo float, thermocline and halocline
1. Introduction The ocean environment is dramatically impacted by extreme weather phenomena such as tropical cyclones which are called ‘typhoons’ in the western Pacific region. When a tropical cyclone lingers or moves over the sea, the sea surface manifests several phenomena such as sea level rising or falling, high waves, *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
vertical changes of temperature and salinity, and mixed layer depth fluctuation. These all occur because of strong winds, low central pressure and heavy rain resulting in momentum and heat exchange between the atmosphere and ocean (Jacob et al. 2000; Ginis 2002; D’Asaro 2003). Previous research results have shown that the ocean environment can be impacted in various ways, and it is also evident that oceanic factors, such as ocean warm eddies and ocean heat content, play an important role in changing the characteristics of a tropical cyclone such as its track and intensity fluctuation (Leipper et al. 1972; Mao et al. 2000; Lin et al. 2005; Lu et al. 2016). One of the major phenomena that occurs during the
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