Olfactory Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: the Role of Neurogenesis
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RHINOSINUSITIS (J MULLOL, SECTION EDITOR)
Olfactory Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: the Role of Neurogenesis Concepció Marin 1,2 & Cristóbal Langdon 1,2,3 & Isam Alobid 1,2,3 & Joaquim Mullol 1,2,3
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Olfactory functioning disturbances are common following traumatic brain injury (TBI) having a significant impact on quality of life. A spontaneous recovery of the olfactory function over time may occur in TBI patients. Although there is no standard treatment for patients with posttraumatic olfactory loss, olfactory training (OT) has shown some promise beneficial effects. However, the mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery and olfactory improvement induced by OT are not completely known. Recent Findings The spontaneous recovery of the olfactory function and the improvement of olfactory function after OT have recently been associated with an increase in subventricular (SVZ) neurogenesis and an increase in olfactory bulb (OB) glomerular dopaminergic (DAergic) interneurons. In addition, after OT, an increase in electrophysiological responses at the olfactory epithelium (OE) level has been reported, indicating that recovery of olfactory function not only affects olfactory processing at the central level, but also at peripheral level. However, the role of OE stem cells in the spontaneous recovery and in the improvement of olfactory function after OT in TBI is still unknown. Summary In this review, we describe the physiology of the olfactory system, and the olfactory dysfunction after TBI. We highlight the possible role for the SVZ neurogenesis and DAergic OB interneurons in the recovery of the olfactory function. In addition, we point out the relevance of the OE neurogenesis process as a future target for the research in the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the olfactory dysfunction in TBI. The potential of basal stem cells as a promising candidate for replacement therapies is also described. Keywords Olfaction . Traumatic brain injury . Neurogenesis . Dopamine . Olfactory epithelium . Olfactory bulb
Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a damage caused by external mechanical forces, often associated with residual neurological impairments that vary based upon the nature and severity of This article is part of the Topical Collection on Rhinosinusitis * Concepció Marin [email protected] * Joaquim Mullol [email protected] 1
INGENIO, IRCE, Department 2B, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
2
Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
3
Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
the injury, leading to temporary or permanent impairment of cognition, movement, and sensory disorders, including olfactory dysfunction [1–3,4••,5]. TBI most commonly occurs from motor vehicle accidents followed by domestic f
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