Olfactory function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis study
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RHINOLOGY
Olfactory function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta‑analysis study Giannicola Iannella1,2 · Giuseppe Magliulo2 · Antonino Maniaci3 · Giuseppe Meccariello1 · Salvatore Cocuzza3 · Giovanni Cammaroto1 · Riccardo Gobbi1 · Rossella Sgarzani4 · Elisabetta Firinu1 · Ruggero Massimo Corso5 · Annalisa Pace2 · Giampiero Gulotta2 · Irene Claudia Visconti2 · Milena Di Luca3 · Stefano Pelucchi6 · Giulia Bianchi6 · Michela Melegatti6 · Pietro Abita7 · Carmen Solito2 · Ignazio La Mantia3 · Calogero Grillo3 · Claudio Vicini2,6 Received: 3 June 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose This meta-analysis study was designed to analyze the olfactory function in obstructive sleep apnea patients (OSA). Methods A comprehensive review of the English language literature regarding OSA patients and olfactory function/dysfunction was performed. The papers assessing olfactory dysfunction with Sniffin’ Sticks test were taken into consideration. Results A total of 420 OSA patients were judged eligible for the study. The average TDI score was found to be 24.3 ± 5.6. The olfactory identification (OD), the olfactory discrimination (OD), and the olfactory threshold (OT) average values were calculated resulting 9.9 ± 2.1, 9.8 ± 1.5, and 5.3 ± 2, respectively. There were 161 healthy control subjects in this meta-analysis. The average TDI of the control group was 30.7 ± 6.0 showing a statistical difference with the group of OSA patients (p = 0.03). A linear correlation between Apnea–Hypopnea Index (AHI) increase and TDI decrease (R2 = 0.1, p = 0.05) was detected. Finally, the average values of TDI of 151 patients classified as mild–moderate OSA and 159 patients considered as severe OSA were calculated. The difference between these two groups resulted not statistically significant (p = 0.3). Conclusion The comparison between OSA patients and healthy subjects using Sniffin’ Sticks test showed lower values of the various olfactory parameters. Although a linear correlation between AHI increase and olfactory dysfunction was observed, no statistical difference between mild–moderate and severe OSA patients in terms of the severity of olfactory dysfunction could be proved. Keywords Obstructive sleep apnea · Olfactory function · Sniffin’ Sticks test · Cholinergic disorders
Introduction
This article is part of the Topical Collection on sleep apnea syndrome Guest Editors: Manuele Casale, Rinaldi Vittorio. * Giannicola Iannella [email protected] 1
Otolaryngology, Head‑Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Department of Head‑Neck Surgery, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Via Carlo Forlanini, 34, 47121 Forlì, Italy
2
Department of ‘Organi di Senso’, University “Sapienza”, Viale dell’Università, 33, 00185 Rome, Italy
3
ENT Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 78, 95125 Catania, Italy
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a respiratory sleep disorder
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